• 한국작물학회지
• /
• 제47권4호
• /
• pp.328-334
• /
• 2002

A Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell var. dubia accession from Jeonnam province, Korea was tested for resistance to sulfonylurea (SU) herbicides, imazosulfuron and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl in whole-plant response bioassay. The accession was confirmed resistant to both herbicides. The $GR_{50}$ (herbicide concentration that reduced shoot dry weight by 50%) values of resistant accession were 264 and 19 times higher to imazosulfuron and pyrazosulfuronethyl, respectively, than that of the standard susceptible accession. The surviving resistant L. dubia after pyrazosulfuron-ethyl + molinate application can be controlled by sequential applications of soil-applied herbicides, butachlor, dithiopyr, pyrazolate, and thiobencarb and foliar herbicides, bentazon. Sulfonylurea-based mixtures such as mixtures of azimsulfuron + anilofos, bensulfuron-methyl + oxadiazon, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl + fentrazamide, and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl + anilofos + carfentrazon can also be used to control the surviving resistant L. dubia. However, use of these mixtures should be restricted to a special need basis. Thus, we suggest that sequential applications of non-SU-based mixtures such as butachlor + pyrazolate and MCPB + molinate + simetryne be used to control the surviving resistant L. dubia after SU herbicide applications. Rice yield was reduced 24 % by resistant L. dubia that survived after the pyrazosulfuron-ethyl + molinate application compared with pyrazolate + butachlor in transplanted rice culture. In vitro ALS activity of the resistant biotype was 40 and 30 times more resistant to imazosulfuron and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, respectively, than the susceptible biotype. Result of in vitro ALS assay that the resistance mechanism of L. dubia to SU herbicides may be due, in part, to an alteration in the target enzyme, ALS.

• 한국유기농업학회지
• /
• 제19권spc호
• /
• pp.127-128
• /
• 2011

Vinegar has been considered as a potential organic herbicide, but more knowledge is needed about acetic acid concentration, application volume and use of adjutants on weed control. In this study, we determined optimum acetic acid concentration and spraying time on several weed species. Vinegar is more effective in broadleaf weeds than grasses. Vinegar is also effective in controlling younger weeds such as $3^{rd}$ to $4^{th}$ weeks after emergency. For example, $3^{rd}$ weeks after emergency weeds were easily controlled at 2-3% of vinegar solution. But $4^{th}$ weeks after emergency weeds were controlled at 4-5% of vinegar. Therefore vinegar concentration was recommended about 5%, and application time was when the weeds were young-within 3 leaf stage.

• 한국잡초학회지
• /
• 제4권2호
• /
• pp.194-203
• /
• 1984

남부지방(南部地方) 맥후작대두단포장(麥後作大豆團場)의 잡초(雜草)를 방제(防除)하기 위하여 발생전토양처리제(發生前處理土壤處理劑)인 Alachlor와 metribuzin, 발생후경엽처리제(發生後莖葉處理劑)인 Acifluorfen과 Bentazon의 4약제(藥劑)를 4조합(組合)의 체계처리(體系處理)로 공시(供試)하여 적용가능성(適用可能性)을 검토(檢討)하였다. 시험(試驗)은 피와 바랭이가 우점(優占)하는 조건하(條件下)에서 수행(遂行)되었으며, 약제처리(藥劑處理)에 따른 작물약해(作物藥害)는 Metribuzin과 Acifluorfen에서 경미(輕微)한 정도(程度) 나타났으며 입묘(立苗) 및 생장(生長)에의 영향은 없는 것으로 나타났다. 각(各) 조합(組合)의 약제처리(藥劑處理)가 0.5~0.75kg/ha인 곳에서는 파종후(播種後) 60일(日)에 어느 체계(體系)에서도 만족스런 방제효과(防除效果)가 인정(認定)되었다. 제초효과면(除草效果面)(60 DAS) 에서의 체계처리(體系處理)된 약제간(藥劑間)의 상호작용성(相互作用性)은 Metribuzin보다 Alachlor 체계(體系)에서 뚜렷하였으며, 대체로 각(各) 약제(藥劑) 0.25~0.5kg/ha 범위(範圍)에서 협력적(協力的)인 효과(效果)를 나타내는 경향9傾向)이었다. 그러나 대두성숙기(大豆成熟期)의 작물생장량(作物生長量)과 수량(收量)을 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)로는 각(各) 약제(藥劑)의 0.75kg/ha 수준(水準)에서 처리효과(處理效果)가 향상(向上)되고 있었으며 Bentazon 보다는 Acifluorfen의 발생후경엽처리(發生後莖葉處理)에서 유의적(有意的)인 경향(傾向)이 있다. 이는 파종후(播種後) 60일(日) 이후(以後)의 토양잔유성제초효과(土壤殘留性除草效果) 및 이에 따른 잡초경합해(雜草競合害)의 차이(差異)에 따른 결과(結果)로 해석(解析)이 되었다.

• Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• 제12권4호
• /
• pp.136-147
• /
• 2007

In an effort to identify possible microbes for seeking bioagents for remediation of herbicide-contaminated soils, seven species of phototrophic nonsulfur bacteria (Rhodobacter capsulatus and sphaeroides, Rhodospirillum rubrum, Rhodopseudomonas acidophila, blastica and viridis, Rhodomicrobium vannielii) were grown in the presence of the herbicide, butachlor, and bacterial growth rates and nitrogen fixation were measured with different carbon sources. Under general conditions, all species showed 17-53% reductions in growth rate following butachlor treatment. Under nitrogen-fixing conditions, Rb. capsulatus and Rs. rubrum showed 1-4% increases in the growth rates and 2-10% increases in nitrogen-fixing abilities, while the other 5 species showed decreases of 17-47% and 17-85%, respectively. The finding that Rp. acidophila, Rp. blastica, Rp. viridis and Rm. vannielii showed stronger inhibitions of nitrogenase activity seems to indicate that species in genera Rhodobacter and Rhodospirillum are less influenced by butachlor than those in Rhodopseudomonas and Rhodomicrobium in terms of nitrogen-fixing ability. Overall, nitrogenase activity was closely correlated with both growth rate and glutamine synthetase activity (representing nitrogen metabolism). When the carbon sources were compared, pyruvate (three carbons) was best for all species in terms of growth rate and nitrogen fixation, with malate (four carbons) showing intermediate values and ribose(five carbons) showing the lowest; these trends did not change in response to butachlor treatment. We verified that each of the 7 species had a plasmid ($12.2{\sim}23.5\;Kb$). We found that all 7 species could use butachlor as a sole carbon source and 3 species were controlled by plasmid-born genes, but it is doubtful whether plasmid-born genes were responsible to nitrogen fixation.

• 대한임상독성학회지
• /
• 제9권2호
• /
• pp.49-55
• /
• 2011

Purpose: Acetanilide has been in widespread use as an amide herbicide compound. However, available data regarding acute human poisoning is scarce. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical characteristics of acetanilide poisoning in order to identify the risk factors associated with severity. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study encompassing the period January 2005 to December 2010, including adult ED patients suffering from acetanilide intoxication. Toxicological history, symptoms observed, clinical signs of toxicity, and laboratory test results were collected for each patient. The patients were classified into two groups for analysis, according their poisoning severity score (PSS). Resulting clinical data and prognostic variables were compared between mild-to-moderate poisoning (PSS 1/2 grades), and severe poisonings and fatalities (PSS 3/4 grades). Results: There were a total of 37 patients, including 26 alachlor, 6 s-metolachlor, 4 mefenacet, and 1 butachlor cases. The majority of patients (81.1%) were assigned PSS 1/2 grades. Changes in mental status and observation of adverse neurologic symptoms were more common in the PSS 3/4 group. The median ingested volume of amide herbicide compound was 250 ml (IQR 200-300 ml) in the PSS 3/4 group, and 80 ml (IQR 50-138 ml) in the PSS 1/2 group. Also, the median GCS observed in the PSS 3/4 group was 13 (IQR 10-14), which was markedly low as compared to a median GCS of 15 in the PSS 1/2 group. Overall mortality rate was 5.4%, and profound cardiogenic shock was observed prior to death in all fatalities. Conclusion: When compared to previous reports, acute acetanilide poisoning resulted in relatively moderate severity. The presence of neurologic manifestations, hypotension, lower GCS score, and larger ingested volumes was associated with more serious effects and mortalities.

• 한국잡초학회지
• /
• 제13권4호
• /
• pp.203-209
• /
• 1993

• 한국잡초학회지
• /
• 제32권2호
• /
• pp.127-132
• /
• 2012

경북지역에서 벼를 재배하는 214 농가를 대상으로 잡초발생 및 제초제 사용 설문조사를 2011년에 실시하였다. 대부분(96.2%)은 기계이앙을 실시하였으며, 이때 이앙시기는 5월 하순으로 전체 68.0%를 차지하였다. 경운 시기는 춘경 54.6%, 춘 추경 24.8%, 추경 15.0% 순이었다. 제초제 처리횟수는 2회 처리가 75%로 가장 많았으며 일발처리의 경우 이앙전 처리가 84.4%로 대부분을 차지하였다. 2회 이상 처리하는 제초제 체계처리의 경우, 첫 번째는 이앙 전 처리제를 살포한 후에 두 번째는 중기 제초제 처리한다는 농가가 57.5%로 가장 높았다. 경북지역에서 발생되는 잡초는 23종으로 설문대상자 827명(중복 응답자)의 20.8%가 첫 번째 우점잡초로 피를 선정하였으며, 그 다음으로 벗풀 10.4%, 물달개비 9.9%, 올미 9.7% 순이었다. 이들 잡초중 방제가 어려운 잡초는 올미 23.8%, 피 18.7%, 물달개비 18.2%, 벗풀 14.0% 순이었다.

• 농업과학연구
• /
• 제42권1호
• /
• pp.15-22
• /
• 2015

본 실험은 imazosulfuron+fentrazamide 혼합제가 벼의 생육에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 수행하였다. Imazosulfuron+fentrazamide SC 처리 시 벼의 이앙심도는 3 cm 이상, 사질양토나 식양토를 이용하는 것이 바람직하다. 담수직파 재배의 경우 imazosulfuron+fentrazamide SC의 파종 전처리는 25+100 g ai/ha로 적어도 파종 10일 전에 처리하며, 파종후 처리에서는 약량이 증가하여도 파종 15일 이후에 처리하면 약해를 나타내지 않을 것으로 판단된다. 기계이앙 재배의 경우 imazosulfuron+fentrazamide GR의 약량에 따른 약해는 보이지 않으나 이앙 5일 후 처리하여야 벼 생육에 안전할 것으로 판단된다. 체계처리의 경우 파종 3일 전 25+100 g ai/ha이나 50+200 g ai/ha으로 처리한 후 이앙 15일 또는 20일에 75+300 g ai/ha로 처리할 경우 잡초방제의 효과를 높이고 벼 생육에는 안전한 방법으로 사료된다.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
• /
• 제1권4호
• /
• pp.6-12
• /
• 2012

논잡초의 발생상황 및 농가수준에서 논 제초제 사용을 파악하여 농가지도의 기초자료로 활용코자 전국 농업인 1,029명을 대상으로 논에서의 우점잡초, 선호 제초제, 논제초제의 사용방법 등을 설문조사하였다. 논에 발생하는 우점잡초로는 피, 물달개비, 벗풀, 올챙이고랭이, 올방개 순이었으며, 제초제 저항성잡초로 의심되는 초종은 물달개비, 논피(강피), 올미 등으로 응답하였다. 논 제초제의 사용 선정은 자기 경험에 의한 것이 34.0%, 농약판매상 추천이 33.9%이었다. 농가에서 한번만 제초제를 처리하는 경우는 15.6%인 반면에 2회 처리하는 농가는 75.6%이었다. 농가에서 선호하는 제초제는 옥사디아존유제, 뷰타클로르입제, 뷰타클로르캡슐현탁제, 메페나셋 피라조설퓨론 에틸액상수화제, 옥사디아길유제 순이었으며, 경엽처리제 중에서는 벤타존 엠시피에이액제, 벤타존 사이할로포트 뷰틸미탁제가 각각 48.5%, 22.3%로 농가에서 많이 사용되는 제초제이었다.

• 한국유기농업학회지
• /
• 제6권2호
• /
• pp.127-140
• /
• 1998

Organic farming excludes any use of the herbicide. The present paper reviews what can be done for effective weed control with existing weed control technology by farmers crop-ping paddy rice, field crops, vegetables, and fruit trees. If condition of the crop-land-al-lows diversified rotational use of the paddy land as paddy and upland field would minimize weed problem. Practising this is limited in acreage due to extremely limited governmental investment to the land for the purpose. Secondly, rotation of crops in the upland field breaking life cycles of various weeds adapted to each crop should reduce the weed problem. This is also limited as only a few crops are making the farmer profitable. In addition climate and tolerance of crops to high and low temperature. Monsoon rains and poor drainage restrict the freedom of choice. For any crop land year-round multiple cropping in denser planting shall lessen the weed problem, this multiple cropping practiced by 1960s has been abandoned due to laborshortage and increased production cost. Deep flooding the rice is impractical at present in Korean. Mulching crop with transparent, black , or combinated polyethylene sheet, hs been in-creasingly used. Progresses in development and use of mulch with allelopathic crop residues. inexpensive paper mulch, allelopathic crop residues, inexpensive paper mulch, allelopathic crop cultivar development, recently developed ex-perimental weeding machinaries, flamers, microbial herbicides, biological control organisms, soil sterilization techniques have been critically reviewed for their adoption into existing in-tegrated weeding system. Unfortunately, information on cost-benifit, and labor-benefit, for the various methods above mentioned are lacking. Urgent need for the research on rational weeding in organic farming, and herbicide low-input farming is emphasized.