• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.327-337
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• 2020

Objective : Citri Unshius Pericarpium is the dried peel of mature fruit of Citrus unshiu Markovich and has been used to treat indigestion, vomiting, and removal of phlegm. This study investigated the hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect of CEE (Ethanol extract of Citri Unshius Pericarpium) in cadmium (CdCl₂)-treated HepG2 cells. Methods : Component analysis of Citri Unshius Pericarpium was analyzed by UPLC with C₁₈ column. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. The enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were analyzed using commercially available kits. Results : Cadmium caused severe HepG2 cell death. Cadmium also increased ROS production, consistent with depletion of GSH and inhibition of the SOD enzyme. However, CEE treatment reduced cell death and relieved oxidative stress caused by cadmium toxicity. CEE lowered ROS levels and improved depletion of GSH levels. CEE also enhanced the enzymatic activity of SOD. In component analysis, hesperidin was the most abundant of the five marker compounds (Narigenin, Narigin, Narirutin, Hesperidin and Hesperidin), which assumes that hesperidin partially contributed to the antioxidant activity of CEE. Conclusion : These results suggested that CEE could be a potential substance to solve heavy metal-related health problems. In particular, inhibition of oxidative stress by CEE can be a way to treat liver damage caused by cadmium.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.80-99
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• 2016

Objectives : Instrumental chemical analysis was utilized to investigate the effect of Add-Omit-Saenghyeoryunbu-eum(AO-SHU) on diabetic treatment. One of the most exciting, yet also controversial, arguments is the safety and biological mechanisms of the natural medicine on human body. Therefore, the aim of this study is to provide a better understanding on bioactive chemical components, hazards of heavy metal contamination and biological mechanism of the diabetic medicine composed of 12 different natural herbs. Methods : To study bioactive compound and metallic component in the diabetic medicine in detail, LC-MS/MS (Liquid Chromatography-Mass/Mass), GC (Gas Chromatography) and ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma) were utilized to characterize the extract of the diabetic medicine and the result was compared with 18 marker substances selected from literature survey. In addition, in vitro assay experiments including GPR 119 activity and human DGAT-1 inhibition, and OGTT (Oral Glucose Tolerance Test) were performed to verify the effectiveness of this medicine on diabetic treatment. Results : Out of 18 marker substances, 9 bioactive compounds were identified from LC-MS/MS analysis which include Citruline, Catalpol, Berberine, Ginsenoside Rb1, Ginsenoside Rg1, Oleanolic acid, β-Sitosterol, Mangiferin, and Schizandrin. ICP study on 245 residual pesticides revealed that 239 species were not detected but 6 species, Dimethomorph, Trifloxystrobin, Pyraclostrobin, Isoprocarb, Carbaryl and Flubendiamide, while the amounts are trace levels, below permitted concentrations. The biological activity was observed in vitro assay and Oral Glucose Tolerance Test(OGTT), which are consistent with a preliminary clinical test result, a drop in blood sugar level after taking this herbal medicine. Conclusions : Instrumental chemical analysis using LC-MS/MS, GC, and ICP was conducted successfully to identify bioactive compounds in AO-SHU for the treatment of diabetes, finding 9 bioactive compounds. Furthermore, in vitro assay experiments and OGTT show that AO-SHU has its biological activities, which imply that it can be a candidate for the future diabetes remedy.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제30권
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• pp.4.1-4.11
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• 2015

Objectives: This survey was designed to conduct the first nationwide dietary exposure assessment on hazardous substances including the intakes of functional food and herbal medicine. In this paper, we introduced the survey design and the results of the dietary exposure status and internal exposure levels of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg). Methods: We selected 4867 subjects of all ages throughout Korea. We conducted a food survey, dietary survey, biomonitoring, and health survey. Results: Pb and Cd were the highest (median value) in the seaweed ($94.2{\mu}g/kg$ for Pb; $594{\mu}g/kg$ for Cd), and Hg was the highest in the fish ($46.4{\mu}g/kg$). The dietary exposure level (median value) of Pb was $0.14{\mu}g/kg$ body weight (bw)/d, $0.18{\mu}g/kg$ bw/d for Cd, and $0.07{\mu}g/kg$ bw/d for Hg. Those with a blood Pb level of less than $5.00{\mu}g/dL$ (US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, reference value for those 1 to 5 years of age) were 99.0% of all the subjects. Those with a blood Cd level with less than $0.30{\mu}g/L$ (German Federal Environmental Agency, reference value for non-smoking children) were 24.5%. For those with a blood Hg level with less than $5.00{\mu}g/L$ (human biomonitoring I, references value for children and adults, German Federal Environmental Agency) was 81.0 % of all the subjects. Conclusions: The main dietary exposure of heavy metals occurs through food consumed in a large quantity and high frequency. The blood Hg level and dietary exposure level of Hg were both higher than those in the European Union.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.163-167
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• 2006

To obtain the safety evaluation of the ginseng, residues of heavy metals in culture environment of ginseng on Punggi and Sangju, Kyeongbuk are surveyed. The concentration for component of ginseng on Punggi and Sangju were 14.12mg/kg and 15.74mg/kg, respectively. The concentration for general component such as crude fiber, ash, crude lipid, crude protein, carbohydrate, of ginseng were coincided between Punggi and Sangju. The concentration for As, Pb, Cd, and Hg in soil on Punggi were 14.24 ppb, 43.13 ppb, 8.73 ppb and 0.82 ppb, respectively. The concentration for As, Pb, Cd, and Hg in soil on Sangju were 19.20 ppb, 54.82 ppb, 15.90 ppb and 1.04, respectively. Residual heavy metals are not polluted in the soil with culture ginseng on Punggi and Sangju. The concentration for As, Pb, Cd, and Hg with ginseng on Punggi were 29.30ppb, 21.78 ppb, 1.32 ppb and 2.72 ppb, respectively. The concentration for As, Pb, Cd, and Hg with ginseng on Sangju were 3.22 ppb, 24.43 ppb, 1.44 ppb and 4.74 ppb, respectively. Also the detection concentration for As, Pb, Cd, and Hg in ginseng were also lower than the Korea Food & Drug Administration advisory level for heavy metal in herbal medicines. Residual heavy metals are not polluted in the ginseng on Punggi and Sangju at Kyeongbuk, Korea.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.482-488
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• 2011

Cadmium (Cd) is well known as a spermatotoxic and gonadotoxic heavy metal ion. This study was performed to assess the possible protective effect of Enerbalance on Cd-induced spermiotoxicity and testicular damage. The control group received isotonic saline; Cd group received Cd (2 mg/kg BW per day) orally; extract-treated groups were orally administrated with Enerbalance (50 mg and 100 mg/kg BW per day) and Cd for 10 days. Morphological changes of testicular tissue, sperm characteristics, oxidative/antioxidative parameters from testis, and serum sexual hormone level were determined. Enerbalance was significantely increased sperm amount in cauda epididymis without changes of ratio of epididymis/body weight and testis/body weight. Cd caused a marked decrease in epididymal sperm concentration and chemotactic sperm motility, testicular superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), Enerbalance was significantly ameliorated loss of epididymal sperm concentration, sperm chemotactic motility, antioxidative parameters, and male hormone whereas decreased abnormal architecture by testis damage. Enerbalance was successfully attenuated these adverse effects of Cd and offers a dose-dependent protection. Our study demonstrated that Enerbalance could proffer a measure of protection against Cd-induced testicular damage and spermiotoxicity by possibly reducing oxidative stress and increasing the antioxidant defense mechanism in mice.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제46권11호
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• pp.1271-1277
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• 2017

가미십전대보탕(이하 KSD로 표기) 추출물은 생약 성분으로 인체 및 동물에 투여 시 세포 독성 및 장기에 중금속 등에 의한 독성 물질이 발생할 수 있어 안전성이 매우 중요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 KSD의 안전성 확보를 위해 중금속 검사, 간과 신장 기능 지표 검사 및 RAW 264.7 세포 생존 시험을 거친 후 RAW 264.7 세포를 이용하여 KSD 추출물의 항산화 및 항염증 효과를 알아보았다. KSD 추출물에서 중금속은 발견되지 않거나 기준치 미만으로 검출되었다. 간기능지표인 AST, ALT는 정상군에 비해 낮게 나타났으며 신기능 지표인 Cr, BUN도 정상군과 같거나 낮아 인체에 안전함을 확인하였다. RAW 264.7 세포 독성은 대조군 대비 농도별 생존율에 차이가 없었다. KSD 추출물의 항산화 효능 측정 결과 DPPH 라디칼 소거능과 ABTS 라디칼 소거능은 $10{\mu}g/mL$ 이상의 농도에서 의존적으로 활성이 증가하였다. 항염증 효과 측정 결과 NO 생성량은 대조군에 비해 10, $100{\mu}g/mL$에서 유의성 있는 감소를 보였으며, $IL-1{\beta}$와 IL-6는 농도 의존적으로 발현량이 감소하였고, $TNF-{\alpha}$는 유의적 차이점을 발견할 수 없었다. 이상의 결과를 보아 KSD는 골절 치료를 위한 생약으로 안전성 및 항산화 및 염증 감소에 효과가 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 생약학회지
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.374-380
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to evaluate of quality variation of Sibujeondaebotang according to storage period and temperature (5 and $25^{\circ}C$) Identificaion test, pH, specific gravity, heavy metal, microbial limit test and glycyrrhizic acid, paeoniflorin content of Sibjeondaebotang were performed during 12 months. The significant change was not shown on identificaion test, specific gravity, microbial limit test under long term storage and the result suited a safe level standards of 'Korean National Standard of Traditional Medicinal (Herbal and Botanical) Materials - "Sibjeondaebotang"'. The test of pH showed meaningful changes between two storage temperature (5 and $25^{\circ}C$) according to increasing storage period. The contents of glycyrrhizic acid and paeoniflorin had no relation with storage temperature($5^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$) but it showed a tendency to decrease according to the length of storage period. We predicted shelf-life of glycyrrhizic acid and paeoniflorin at storgae temperature(5 and $25^{\circ}C$) as about 6 and 3 months, respecttively. Therefore considering glycyrrhizic acid and paeoniflorin, sibjeondaebotang is determined to be in good condition within 3 months, regardless of the room temperature and refrigerated temperature. We were expected to serve as a basis for the guideline of medication counseling sibjeondaebotang.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.335-340
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• 2010

양송이 폐상배지의 퇴비 활용성을 검토하고자 유기물원 2종류, 질소원 3종류를 각각 혼용하여 퇴비화과정을 거쳐 퇴비의 이화학적 특성 및 미생물상의 변화를 조사하였다. 처리별 자재 혼용비율은 퇴비의 기준인 유기물 함량 25%이상 함유되도록 조절하였다. 유기물원은 톱밥이 볏짚보다 높았으며, 질소원은 계분 >> 돈분 > 우분 순 340 경기천 이희덕 정영필 장갑열 윤민호으로 높았다. 발효기간 동안 폐배지+돈분+볏짚 처리구는 빠른 온도 변화를 보였으며, 폐배지3:톱밥9:돈분1 (MSP) 처리구는 발효 중간까지 온도상승이 지속적으로 유지되는 결과를 보였다. 또한 pH는 초기에 8.5~9.0으로 높게 유지되다가 종료시점에 7.5 수준으로 떨어지는 것으로 나타났다. 발효 후 유기물함량 변화는 볏짚 처리구는 19~21% 수준으로 감소되었으나, 톱밥을 처리할 경우 25~27% 수준을 유지하였고, 그 중 폐배지3:톱밥9:계분1 (MSF)에서 유기물 26.2% 와, 질소 0.68%로 가장 높았다. 탄소원으로 볏짚을 사용한 경우 퇴비제조 후 부피가 절반으로 줄어든 반면 톱밥은 30% 정도밖에 줄어들지 않았다. 퇴비제조 후 미생물상 변화는 탄소원의 경우 볏짚 처리구가 톱밥 처리구보다 전반적으로 개체수가 많았으며, 특히 호기성세균, Gram 음성균, Bacillus 등이 많았고, 질소원은 계분 > 돈분 > 우분 순으로 미생물 개체수가 많았다. 생균수는 퇴비 발효 전 보다 $1{\times}10^1{\sim}1{\times}10^2\;cfu\;g^{-1}$ 수준으로 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 따라서 양송이폐상배지를 이용한 퇴비 제조 시 폐배지3:톱밥9:계분1 (MSF 3:9:1 v/v/v) 처리에서 높은 유기물과 질소원으로 양질의 퇴비가 되었으며 퇴비발효기간은 50~60일이었다.