• 대한약침학회지
• /
• 제23권2호
• /
• pp.71-78
• /
• 2020

Objectives: This study was conducted to development of hazardous materials management standards for the decoction type of personalized herbal medicines (PHMs). Methods: This study was conducted in two stages. We searched documents about criteria to use words such as 'Herb', 'Herbal medicine', and 'Botanical Drug' and summarized the results. We organized the committee consisted of seven experts, and held two meetings to reach an agreement on hazardous management standards of the decoction type of PHMs. Results: The seven documents were presented in the literature review and six items related to hazardous management standards of decoction were identified. The second expert meeting brought that a total of six items, including heavy metal, pesticide residues, sulfur dioxide, benzopyrene, mycotoxin, and micro-organism limits, were selected for safety management of decoction type of PHMs. Also, the criteria and test methods for each standard were suggested for monitoring the decoction type of PHMs. Conclusion: The study suggested hazardous material management standards and criteria for the decoction types of PHMs. In the future, it would be necessary to conduct a pilot test to ensure the validity and credibility of the safety management standard and criteria. Furthermore, the government level safety management system should be introduced to verify the safety of decoction medicines.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
• /
• 제19권2호
• /
• pp.183-189
• /
• 2004

To obtain the residual organochlorine pesticides in the culture environment of ginseng on Sangju, Gyeongbuk, the analytical methods for BHC isomers, Aldrin, DDE, Dieldrin, DDD, Endrin and DDT by GCECD are surveyed. The relative retention times for $\alpha$-BHC, $\beta$-BHC, ${\gamma}$-BHC, $\delta$-BHC, Aldrin, DDE, Dieldrin, DDD, Endrin and DDT were 1.000, 1.042, 1.049, 1.086, 1.202, 1.335, 1.341, 1.371, 1.391 and 1.439, respectively The BHC isomers, Aldrin, DDE, Dieldrin, DDD, Endrin and DDT were separated on the base line. The qualified detection concentration for $\alpha$-BHC, $\beta$-BHC, ${\gamma}$-BHC and $\delta$-BHC is 0.43, 1.33, 0.54 and 1.63 ng/g and it's of Aldrin, DDE, Dieldrin, DDD, Endrin and DDT were 0.63, 0.50, 0.66, 0.74, 0.96 and 0.88ng/g, respectively. BHC isomers, Aldrin, DDE, Dieldrin, DDD, Endrin and DDT were not detected in culture environment of ginseng on Sanaju, Gyeongbuk. The detection concentration for Hg, Cd, Pb, Cr, and As in ginseng were 0.0086ppm, 0.0020ppm, 0.0200ppm, 0.0271ppm and 0.0220ppm, respectively, which were also lower than the 30ppm Korea Food & Drug Administration advisory level for heavy metal in herbal medicines.

• 대한예방한의학회지
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.53-65
• /
• 2014

The concentration of 5 metals such as As, Cd, Co, Cr and Pb in 5 frequent using herbal medicinal prescriptions in Korea were analyzed according to the consuming area. The ready prepared 5 prescription samples were obtained from Korean regional hospitals nationwide. All the sample were well powdered and pre-treated to being a solution, and then analyzed by ICP/MS. As was detected the highest concentration of 0.55 mg/kg in Ojeoksan of Gyunggi-do, the lowest was 0.01 mg/kg of Sipjeondaebotang of Seoul C. The highest concentration of Co was found to be in Bojoongikgitang of Seoul B and the lowest was also detected in Bojoongikgitang of Seoul A. Cd concentration, Ojeoksan of Chungcheong-do, Bojoongikgitang of Seoul B and yookmijihwangtang of Chungcheong-do showed the low level of 0.1 mg/kg. In turn, the highest level of Cr was 5.59 mg/kg in Ojeoksan of Gyunggi-do B. The lowest concentration of Cr was 0.04 mg/kg in Sipjeondaebotang of Seoul C and the highest was 0.94 mg/kg in Samooltang of Gangwon-do. Finally, the lowest concentration of Pb was 0.00 mg/kg in Sipjeondaebotang of Chungcheong-do and the highest was 0.134 mg/kg in Ojeoksan of Jeju-do. As a result it seems that the same prescription can not guaranteed the safety from toxic metals since those metal concentrations are dramatically varied according to the area where the each prescribed medicine available.

• 한국환경보건학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국환경보건학회 2005년도 Proceedings of KSEH.Minamata Forum
• /
• pp.87-94
• /
• 2005

Results from previous studies revealed that metal level in the body is related to certain types of diseases. For example. serum copper level with chronic heart failure, iron and transferrin in the blood serum with acute cerebral vascular diseases, Zn in the CNS, lead with neurotoxicity, hypertension, genetic damage, arsenic with cancer skin lesion, Al with neurobehavioral function (cognitive impairment and memory disorder), and etc. The rate of stroke has increased in recent years and several metals were found to be responsible for causing stroke. This study compared several blood metal concentrations between stroke and non-stroke patients. Patients with stroke (116 samples) and non-stroke (111 samples including lowback pain and others) participated in this study. Total of 227 blood samples were collected and participants completed questionnaires regarding age, gender, occupation, residence, alcohol, smoking, and etc. To be qualified into the stroke group, patients have never experienced stroke previously. Subjects only included ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage patients diagnosed by brain CT and brain MRI. Patients with high risk of metal exposure such as herbal intake and job related exposure were excluded. 10ml of blood samples were analyzed by ICP-MS method at the Center of Nature and Science at Sangji University. Metal geometric mean (SD) concentrations in blood of study subjects showed higher values, 2.64-36.12%, than WHO reference values in Mn, Ni, Hg, Se, and As. Metal concentration in blood of stroke patients non-adjusted for potential confounders was higher except for Hg and also higher except for Ni in adjusted for potential confounders. Co was significantly higher in stroke patients (p=0.002) than non-stroke patients adjusted for potential confounders. Regression coefficient values of stroke patients was 0.17-8.25 in each metals. Odd ratio of stroke patients had 0.96 (Ni)-2.68 (Co) compared to non-stroke cases. This result means that Co increase of 1 raises the risk ratio of stroke by 2.86 times. Based on the results, metal concentration in blood seems to affect incidence of stroke.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
• /
• 제16권2호
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 2008

Objective : The purpose of this report was to provide the information about activity and safety of Ojeok-san by analyzing domestic/international papers about Ojeok-san. Methods : Domestic/international papers related to Ojeok-san were reviewed and analyzed. These papers were then classified by year, experimental method and subject. Results : The following results were obtained in this study. 1. The studies of Ojeok-san started from 1984 and has continuously increased. The studies were mainly focused on experimental models rather than clinical studies. 2. By subject, papers related to safety were most common with 5 papers among 20 papers. Besides there were papers related to efficacy of analgesic, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-blood stasis and treatment for uterine myoma. 3. The papers related to safety were mainly focused on the effect of Okeok-san on liver function, renal function or metal concentration of organs such as blood, brain, liver, kidney and bone. Ojeok-san proved to be safe, but more clinical studies regarding the safety are needed hereafter. 4. Papers related to analgesic, anti-pyretic, anti-phlogistic activities of Ojeok-san were in vivo studies, and other papers were about anti-hyperlipidemic activity, apoptosis inducing activity on uterine myeloma cell line and anti blood static activity on hydrocortisone acetate induced blood statis model. 5. Case reports were about anti-lipidemia, analgesic effect for mastalgia/back pain and anxiety disorder due to climacteric changes. Conclusion : Ojeok-san is being used in various ways with analgesic, anti-pyretic, anti-phlogistic, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-tumor or anti-blood statis activity. However, mechanism study should be conducted at the molecular biology level and more clinical studies on the efficacy of Ojeok-san are needed.

• 약학회지
• /
• 제54권1호
• /
• pp.13-21
• /
• 2010

The interaction of cadmium (II) ion with quercetin, qurecitrin and (+)-catechin was investigated in aqueous solution at various pH. The flavonoid/cadmium stochiometries for cadmium (II) binding to flavonoid have been determined by UV-visible spectroscopy. 1:1 Cd(II)-Flavonoid complex had a maximum absorbance and showed the bathochromic shift of the long-wavelength band of the UV-vis spectra in the alkaline pH, that occurs upon complexation, is due to a ligand-tometal charge transfer. The optimal concentration of Cd(II)-flavonoid complexes showed that complexation reaction could be classified in the following way: 55.27 ${\mu}M$ catechin > 54.72 ${\mu}M$ quercetin > 53.52 ${\mu}M$ quercitrin at the chelating site level. These results suggest that Cd(II)-flavonoid complex has the optimal condition of chelation in 0.2 M $NH_3$ - 0.2 M $NH_4Cl$ (pH 8.0) solution.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제19권2호
• /
• pp.187-193
• /
• 1990

Ganoderma lucidum has been widely used not only as ingredients in herbal medicine but also in pharmacological soft drinks. The author collected for analysis of content of 8 kinds of heavy metal(Cd, pb, Hg, Cu, Mn, Fe, As) in soil and cluture soil in an around the Taegu area including Sang Ju, Non Gong, Keum Ho, and Weol Bae. THe toxic content in Gaoderma lucidum showed relatively low level as in cadmium lead mercury arsenic : 0.8-0.13ppm 0.17-1.43ppm 0.02-0.32ppm 0.01-0.19ppm respectively : in copper mangenese zinc and iron : 0.93-4.29ppm, 0.37-2.18ppm 1.02-1.65ppm, 4.57-11.04ppm those grown in soil showed higher percentages of content than those grown on logs in lead copper zinc and iron by 43.2% 68.6%, 20.3% and 43.2% respectively. The content of heavy metals in those grown in soil and culture soil tended to be higher in the areas near factories of industrial complexes especially in manganese and iron. The content of heavy metals in soil and culture soil appeared lower than the mean values of Korean Soil. No interrelationship was found in the content of heavy metals between those of Ganoderma lucidum grown on logs and those grown in soil. In case of pot cultivation however the mushroom spawns are grown originally in soil which seems to influence the degree of content of heavy metals of media.

• 한국환경농학회지
• /
• 제36권3호
• /
• pp.217-221
• /
• 2017

BACKGROUND: For the food safety of cultivated mushroom, information on the safety of agricultural by-products imported as medium substrates for mushroom cultivation is urgently needed. Therefore, this study was performed to detect the presence of heavy metals, residual pesticides, and nutrient component in the imported medium substrates. METHODS AND RESULTS: Six kinds of medium substrates imported from nine countries from 2015 to 2017 were investigated. A mercury analyzer MA-2000 and an inductively coupled plasma spectrometer OPTIMA 7000DV were used to analyze mercury, lead, arsenic, copper, nickel and cadmium. All of these heavy metals were detected at lower level than heavy metal tolerance standard level of by-product fertilizer in Korea. When 246 kinds of residual pesticides were examined by GC and HPLC, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and carbendazim were detected from Egyptian beet pulp, Indian cottonseed meal and cottonseed hull, respectively. The content of nutrient components (water, crude ash, crude fat, crude protein and crude fiber) varied among imported countries and the medium substrates. CONCLUSION:The presence of heavy metals and residual pesticides in imported medium substrates for mushroom cultivation was confirmed. For the safe production of mushroom, this study shows that imported medium materials for mushroom cultivation need to be managed through continuous monitoring.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제34권4호
• /
• pp.476-483
• /
• 2005

본 연구는 오리 부산물 추출액과 영지, 가시오가피, 두충, 진피, 감국 및 대조를 섞어 만든 오리즙의 영양성분을 분석하고 이 오리즙을 납과 수은에 노출된 흰쥐에게 3가지 농도로 투여하여 혈청 내 중금속 농도의 변화 및 건강지표 parameters의 농도를 측정하여 중금속 피해 완화에 어느 정도 효과를 가질 수 있는지를 확인하여 건강보조식품으로 활용할 수 있는지의 여부를 판단하여 보고자 수행하였다. 뼈, 간 등 오리부산물과 6가지 한약재를 이용하여 만든 오리즙의 단백질 함량이 $49.92\%$, 섬유소 함량이 $37.02\%$로 구성되어 있어 중금속과 chelate를 형성하여 중금속 흡수를 억제할 수 있는 보조식품의 성분으로 바람직하다고 사료된다. 오리즙을 300 mg/mL를 투여 받은 군에서는 중금속의 노출에 의해 체중이 감소되는 현상을 완화시키는 결과를 나타내었고 혈액학적 성상 및 혈청의 여러 variables의 농도를 판단한 결과 오리즙이 비정상농도를 정상범위로 조절시켜 중금속에 의한 피해를 완화시켰다고 판단한다. 혈청 내 납과 수은의 농도는 오리즙을 mL당 30 mg, 300 mg 섭취 했을 때 유의적으로 감소되었다. 본 연구에서는 중금속 농도를 독성이 유발될 정도의 고농도가 아니라 유해한 환경속에서 현대인들에게 노출될 수 있는 정도로 혼합하여 투여하였다. 이 정도에 노출된 흰 쥐의 오리즙 섭취가 혈액의 여러 parameters의 농도를 완전하게 정상 범위내로 $100\%$회복되지는 못하였으나 축적 및 순환하는 양이 오리즙 섭취에 의해 감소되었음을 확인하였다. 또한 오리즙의 섭취량에 따라 정도의 차이도 나타났는데 1일 30 mg 이상을 섭취했을 때 중금속 노출에 대한 피해를 완화시킬 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이런 결과는 오리즙 중의 일정수준의 단백질, 아미노산과 선정된 약재의 성분 중 polyphenol 성분인 flavonoid가 착화합물형성 또는 화학흡착에 의해 체내 침착 억제 및 배설을 촉진시키는 작용에 의한 것으로 사료된다. 이 성분중 어느 것의 영향이 어느정도인지는 정확히 판단이 어려우므로 이런 결과를 뒷받침 할 수 있도록 각각 중금속별로, 농도별로 노출시켜 그 효과를 기대할 수 있는 성분들을 각각 작용시켜서 exposure and reaction design을 통한 좀 더 구체적인 연구도 필요하리라 생각되며 각 장기의 축적정도도 조사한다면 더욱 명확해질 수 있으리라 생각된다. 1일 30 mg이라는 양은 우리들이 섭취할 때는 80 mg(1포)에 해당하는 양이다. 따라서 사람에 따라 차이가 있을 수 있으나 일반적으로 꾸준히 1일 1포 이상의 섭취는 체내 중금속 농도를 감소시키는데 도움을 줄 수 있으리라 판단된다.

• 생물환경조절학회지
• /
• 제19권4호
• /
• pp.333-342
• /
• 2010

남극 등 불량환경 하에서 에너지를 절감하면서 신선 채소를 생산할 수 있는 컨테이너 식물공장을 설계하여 개발하였다. 20피트 컨테이너($L5.9m{\times}W2.4m{\times}H2.4m$)에 공간 활용을 최대화하기 위해 3단 수경재배시스템을 설치하였고, 양액공급은 저면급수 방식으로 하였다. 수경재배에서의 광원종류(광강도)에 따른 3가지 상추품종의 생육을 비교하였다. 정식 2주 후 광원종류(광강도)에 따른 상추 3품종의 생육결과는 형광등 $145{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ 처리구에서 지상부 생체중과 엽면적이 양호하였으나, 정식 4주 후에는 형광등 +메탈할라이드등 $150{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$에서 다른 광원시험구보다 생육이 양호하였다. 상추 품종간에는 '청치마상추'의 생체중이나 엽면적이 가장 많았으며, '적축면상추', '롤로로사' 순이었다. 엽록소 농도(SPAD)는 광원종류간에 큰 차이가 없었으며 '청치마상추'가 품종 특성에 맞게 다른 상추보다 높은 값을 나타내었다. 이상의 결과에서 인공광원을 이용한 식물공장에서 상추 재배시 광의 강도에 따라서 식물체 생육이 차이가 있었고, 상추의 품종에 따라 생육정도에 차이가 있었으며 이는 저광도의 식물공장 내에서 알맞은 품종을 선택하여야 할 것으로 판단되었다.