• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• v.35 no.2
• /
• pp.277-288
• /
• 2005

There is a potential role of collagenase-3 in alveolar bone loss and periodontal disease progression, we need to develope or find chemotherapeutic drugs or herbal agents which may regulate the expression of MMP-13. Ginseng saponin, one of the major components of Korea ginseng(panax ginseng) root, has many various biologic effects, such as cytotoxic effect, tumoricidal effects, cytokine regulations, and protein biosynthesis effect. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of Korea red ginseng saponin on MMP-13 gene expression in osteoblasts. The experimental groups were cultured with ginseng saponin in concentration of 1.0, 10, 25, 50, 100, 250 and $500{\mu}g/ml$ for MTT assay. Primary rat calvarial cells were pre-treated for 1 hour with ginseng saponin(100 ${\mu}g/ml$) and then stimulated with $IL-1{\beta}(1.0ng/ml)$ and PTH(10 nM). MMP-13 gene expression was evaluated by RT-PCR. The results were as follows: Ginseng saponin was cytotoxic to osteoblast at concentration exceeding $250{\mu}g/ml$ for longer than 24 hours in tissue culture(p<0.01). In RT-PCR analysis, steady state MMP-13 mRNA levels were increased approximately 350% by $IL-1{\beta}$, and 400% by PTH when normalized to untreated control. $IL-1{\beta}-indued$ MMP-13 mRNA expression was reduced 50% by pretreatment with ginseng saponin. But ginseng saponin didn't inhibit MMP-13 expression from PTH stimulated cells. This results suggest that ginseng saponin Inhibit $IL-1{\beta}-indued$ MMP-13 mRNA expression.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.41 no.3
• /
• pp.361-369
• /
• 2017

Background: The chemical constituents of Panax ginseng are changed by processing methods such as steaming or sun drying. In the present study, the chemical change of Panax ginseng induced by steaming was monitored in situ. Methods: Samples were separated from the same ginseng root by incision during the steaming process, for in situ monitoring. Sampling was sequentially performed in three stages; FG (fresh ginseng) ${\rightarrow}$ SG (steamed ginseng) ${\rightarrow}$ RG (red ginseng) and 60 samples were prepared and freeze dried. The samples were then analyzed to determine 43 constituents among three stages of P. ginseng. Results: The results showed that six malonyl-ginsenoside (Rg1, Rb1, Rb3, Rc, Rd, Rb2) and 15 amino acids were decreased in concentration during the steaming process. In contrast, ginsenoside-Rh1, 20(S)-Rg2, 20(S, R)-Rg3 and Maillard reaction product such as AF (arginine-fructose), AFG (arginine-fructose-glucose), and maltol were newly generated or their concentrations were increased. Conclusion: This study elucidates the dynamic changes in the chemical components of P. ginseng when the steaming process was induced. These results are thought to be helpful for quality control and standardization of herbal drugs using P. ginseng and they also provide a scientific basis for pharmacological research of processed ginseng (Red ginseng).

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.165-172
• /
• 2020

Objectives: In the past few years, herbal medicines have gained popularity over synthetic drugs because of their natural source and minimal side effects which has led to a tremendous growth of phytopharmaceuticals usage. With the development of nanotechnology, it provides alternative approaches to overcome several limitations using nano-formulations. In spite of considerable quantity of antianemic preparations with different iron forms available, currently additives are used and represented in modern pharmaceutical market. Iron deficiency anemia is a major global public health problem which particularly affects pregnant women, children and elderly persons. The situation is complicated because of disadvantages and drug side effects from existing antianemic medicines. There is a great demand for the development of new antianemic preparations. Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles, possess high potential in this field. Methods: Our study focuses on developing green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) of 10-50 nm with spherical shape where different dosages were used -1 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg for exposure in Wistar albino female rats for 28 days. The toxicity was assessed using various parameters such as measurements of the rat body and organ mass, hematology, biochemical evaluation and histopathological examinations. Results: No significant differences were observed in body and organ weights. Hematological indices also indicated no significant differences whereas biochemical factors showed increase in levels of direct bilirubin and globulin of medium as well as high dose and SGPT levels were increased only in high dose. The major organs (heart, kidney and liver) showed histopathological alterations in 10 and 100 mg/kg whereas brain showed only in 100 mg/kg. Conclusion: The toxicity of IONPs was found to be more significant when the concentration was increased; however, low doses can be used for further investigation as an antianemic preparation.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.21 no.6
• /
• pp.1663-1669
• /
• 2007

Acute transverse myelitis(ATM) is defined as an acute intramedullary dysfunction of the spinal cord, ascendng or static involving both halves of the cord and appearing without any history of previous neurological diseases due to traumatic accident, tumor of all kind, encephalitis and of course excluding all possible viral, bacterial and fungal infection. It is mainly characterized by acute motor disorder of both limbs in respect to which spinal segments are affected as well as sensory disorder and dysuria & dyschezia. The exact cause is unknown, however it is recently suggested that immunological factors are highly involved. It has been reported by several reliable sources that it is often accompanied by immunological diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE). As treatments non steroid anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDS) are primarily recommended as to steroids, limited doses are injected only with the proper prescription from the physician. Operative methods are not options as traumatic accidents and tumors are excluded as factors. To enhance muscle strength and prevent articular contracture physical therapy and passive exercise is imperative. The following patient whose chief complaints were mainly about hypoesthesia of Rt. lower limb and stiffness of phalanges of both fingers as well as to weakness of lower extermity. Therefore it has been diagnosed as arthalgia syndrome. In oriental medicine factors such as wind evil heat-evil, dampness-heat evil, cold evil cause the arthalgia syndrome. In this case the patient was diagnosed as dampness-heat evil and herbal medicine Chunglijagam-Tang and Dong-Qi acupuncture was applied to treat bladder disorder.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
• /
• v.43 no.1
• /
• pp.16-21
• /
• 2012

The characteristics of decoction water are important for the extraction of herbal drugs. In this study, the relationship between the characteristics of water and extraction efficiency of bioactive compounds from Corydalis tuber was investigated. Six different types of decoction water, including three types of mineral water from Jeju Island and three types of bottled water sold in market, were used as decoction water for the extraction of bioactive compounds from Corydalis tuber. The contents of minerals in six types of water were analyzed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS; the contents of extracted bioactive compounds were analyzed by HPLC. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to analyze the differences in total extraction and bioactive compounds extracted with six types of water. Multiple factor analysis was used to analyze the relationship among the pH, content of mineral, anion, total extractions and content of bioactive components as factors. There was a significant difference among the six types of water in the total extracts and the bioactive compounds. The results proved that the content of extracted compounds from Corydalis tuber was influenced by the types of decoction water.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.235-243
• /
• 1993

We have concerned the action of traditional herbal medicine (THM) to relate with longevity, aging and immune, etc. Espically, we have studied on the role of intestinal bacteria on THM such as Nokyongdaebo-Tang, Bojungikgi-Tang, Ikgibohyul-Tang, Bobyulansin-Tang and Bojanggunbi-Tang. Samples of the p.o. administration of 2 g/kg for 2 weeks did not find the change transaminase activities in mice. But, Nokyongdaebo-Tang and Bojanggunbi-Tang elevated the serum glucose levels and Bojungikgi-Tang elevated the total cholesterol levels in mice. ${\beta}-Glucuronidase$ activities in mice faeces are decreased by the treatment of Nokyongdaebo-Tang, Bojungikgi-Tang, Ikgibohyul-Tang and Bojanggunbi-Tang, but increased by the treatment of Bohyulansin-Tang. Number of lactic acid bacteria in mice faeces are increased by the treatment of Nokyongdaebo-Tang, Bojungikgi-Tang, lkgibohyul-Tang, Bohyulansin-Tang and Bojanggunbi-Tang. We recognized that ${\beta}-glucuronidase$ activities and the number of lactic acid bacteria were remarkably decreased by the pretreatment of antibiotics in mice. Nokyongdaebo-Tang and Ikgibohyul-Tang at the p.o. administration of 2 g/kg significantly increased the ${\beta}-glucuronidase$ activities and Bojungikgi-Tang and Bohyulansin-Tang remarkably increased the number of lactic acid bacteria in antibiotics pretreated mice.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.282-286
• /
• 2006

Ochnaflavone is a medicinal herbal product isolated from Lonicera japonica that inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) dependent phases of prostaglandin $D_2(PGD_2)$ generation in bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) in a concentration-dependent manner with $IC_{50}$ values of $0.6{\mu}M$. Western blotting probed with specific anti-COX-2 antibodies showed that the decrease in quantity of the $PGD_2$ product was accompanied by a decrease in the COX-2 protein level. In addition, this compound consistently inhibited the production of leukotriene $C_4 (LTC_4)$ in a dose dependent manner, with an $IC_{50}$ value of $6.56 {\mu}M$. These results demonstrate that ochnaflavone has a dual cyclooxygenase-2/5-lipoxygenase inhibitory activity. Furthermore, this compound strongly inhibited degranulation reaction in a dose dependent manner, with an $IC_{50}$ value of $3.01{\mu}M$. Therefore, this compound might provide a basis for novel anti-inflammatory drugs.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
• /
• v.42 no.5
• /
• pp.1131-1141
• /
• 2021

Objective: This study examined the case of a 63-year-old man with a history of hypertension and gout who had developed an intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) of the right basal ganglia of the corona radiata. Methods: The patient was treated with herbal medicine (Boyanghwanoh-tang and powdered Oryeong-san extract), Western medicine (Anticonvulsants, antihypertensive drugs, psychotropic agents, and others), acupuncture, moxibustion, cupping, and rehabilitative therapy. Their effects were evaluated using the Manual Muscle Test (MMT), Korean version of the modified Barthel Index (K-MBI), National Institute of Health's Stroke Scale (NIHSS), and Modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Results: After treatment, the MMT grade improved from 3/3+ to 4+/4+. Additionally, the K-MBI score improved from 62 to 77. Conclusion: The results suggest that combined traditional Korean and Western medicine can effectively treat patients with ICH.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.43 no.3
• /
• pp.354-360
• /
• 2019

Ginsenosides, the major active ingredients of ginseng and other plants of the genus Panax, have been used as natural medicines in the East for a long time; in addition, their popularity in the West has increased owing to their various beneficial pharmacological effects. There is therefore a wealth of literature regarding the pharmacological effects of ginsenosides. In contrast, there are few comprehensive studies that investigate their pharmacokinetic behaviors. This is because ginseng contains the complicated mixture of herbal materials as well as thousands of constituents with complex chemical properties, and ginsenosides undergo multiple biotransformation processes after administration. This is a significant issue as pharmacokinetic studies provide crucial data regarding the efficacy and safety of compounds. Moreover, there have been many difficulties in the development of the optimal dosage regimens of ginsenosides and the evaluation of their interactions with other drugs. Therefore, this review details the pharmacokinetic properties and profiles of ginsenosides determined in various animal models administered through different routes of administration. Such information is valuable for designing specialized delivery systems and determining optimal dosing strategies for ginsenosides.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.52-58
• /
• 2021

Homogenization of quality was important in order to use herbal medicines as pharmaceuticals. To solve this problem, it was important to establish quality standards. Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba has no quantitative method in the Korean Pharmacopoeia. Thus, we have researched to improve the quality evaluation method of Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba with an HPLC. Atractylenolide III and atracylodin were selected as potential marker compounds. This analytical procedure was subject to validation. According to validation guideline of South Korea's Ministry of Food and Drugs Safety, the specificity, linearity, precision, range, quantitative limits, detection limits and accuracy were measured. Because the specificity, linearity, precision, range, quantitative limits, detection limits and accuracy meet criteria of the guideline, the analytic method was validated. With this analysis, Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba and Atractylodis Rhizoma analyzed. As a result, both atractylenolide III and atracylodin appear to be suitable standard compounds. it confirmed that tractylodes Rhizome, similar to Atractylodes Rhizome Alba, could be distinguished.