• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.129-139
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• 2003

목 적: 당원병 제1형은 어린 소아연령에서 발현하는 가장 심한 형태의 당원병이다. 장기간 관찰시 일부 환자에서 간선종이 발생하고 드물게 간암이 합병되어 예후에 심각한 영향을 미칠 수 있다고 알려져 있지만, 아직까지 이에 대한 연구가 거의 이루어지지 못하였다. 본 연구에서는 한국의 당원병 제1형 환자들의 추적관찰을 통해 간선종과 간암 발생의 측면에서 당원병 제1형의 장기적인 예후를 살펴보고자 하였다. 방 법: 1982년 3월에서 2003년 2월까지 서울대병원 소아과에서 간 조직 검사 및 효소검사를 통해 당원병 제1형으로 진단된 43명의 환자(제1a형 40명, 제1b형 3명)를 대상으로 하였다. 복부 초음파, 전산화단층촬영 또는 자기공명영상을 시행하여 간선종의 발생여부를 관찰하였으며, 간의 종괴가 확인된 경우 가능하면 조직검사를 시행하여 간선종 및 간암을 확진하였다. 간선종 발생에 관여하는 위험요인을 알아보기 위하여 간선종이 발생한 환자를 연령에 대해 짝짓기를 시행하여 선종군과 비선종군에서 여러 임상 지표를 비교하였다. 결 과: 1) 전체 43명 중 16명(37.2%)에서 간선종이 발생하였는데, 간선종이 처음 발견된 나이는 평균 $14.2{\pm}4.1$세(범위: 7.9~25.7세)였다. 처음 발견시 다발성 선종인 경우는 14례(87.5%)였다. 2) 간선종이 발생하였던 선종군(n=16)과 비선종군(n=16)을 비교하였을 때, 신장질환이 선종군에서는 7명(43.8%)에서 동반되고, 비선종군에서는 1명(6.3%)에서 병발하여 두 군 간에 유의한 차이를 보였다(p=0.037; 교차비 11.667, 95% 신뢰구간=1.227~110.953). 저신장은 선종군 6명(37.5%)과 비선종군의 10명(62.5%)에서 관찰되어 두 군 간에 유의한 차이가 없었다(p=0.157). 당원병 제1형 환자의 대부분에서 생옥수수 전분 치료를 시행하였는데, 생옥수수 전분 치료를 시작한 연령은 선종군이 $9.1{\pm}5.2$세인 반면, 비선종군은 $3.0{\pm}1.8$세로서 통계적으로 유의하게 선종군의 치료 시작 연령이 늦었다(p=0.003). 문맥하공정맥 문합술 시행 당시의 연령 차이가 없는 상태에서(p=0.170), 선종군의 11명(68.8%)과 비선종군의 3명(18.8%)에서 단락수술을 시행 받아 두 군간에 유의한 차이를 보였다(p=0.004; 교차비 9.533, 95% 신뢰구간=1.847~49.204). 고콜레스테롤혈증, 저혈당, 고요산혈증 등의 여부는 두 군 간에 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다(p=0.833, p=0.273, p=0.550). 3) 25.7세에 간선종이 발견되었던 1명은 26.5세에 간암으로 진단되어 간동맥 항암 화학 색전술을 시행 받았다. 결 론: 간선종은 당원병 제1형 환자들을 장기간 추적관찰 하였을 때 비교적 흔하게 발생하는 합병증으로서, 일부에서 악성화 될 가능성이 있어 중요성이 매우 크다. 당원병 제1형 환자들의 장기적 예후를 위해서는 생옥수수 전분 치료의 조기 도입과 규칙적인 추적관찰을 통한 간선종의 조기 발견이 필요하다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.637-642
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• 2014

The pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) related to habitual betel quid (BQ) chewing is unclear. Risk of HCCis increased with adverse hepatic fibrosis. This study aimed to assess the impact of chronic viral hepatitis on adverse hepatic fibrosis in HCC related to BQ chewing. This hospital-based case-control study enrolled 200 pairs of age- and gender-matched patients with HCC and unrelated healthy controls. Serologic hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibodies to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV), ${\alpha}$-fetoprotein (AFP), and surrogate markers for significant hepatic fibrosis were measured. Information on substance-use habits was obtained with a questionnaire. By analysis of surrogate markers for hepatic fibrosis, the prevalence of significant hepatic fibrosis in patients chewing BQ was between 45.8% and 91.7%, whereas that for patients without BQ chewing was between 18.4% and 57.9%. The difference was significant (P <0.05 for each surrogate marker). Multivariate analysis indicated that cirrhosis with Child-Pugh C (odds ratio (OR) = 3.28; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.29-8.37), thrombocytopenia (OR = 3.92, 95% CI, 1.77-8.68), AFP >400 mg/L (OR = 2.21, 95% CI, 1.05-4.66) and male gender (OR = 4.06, 95% CI, 1.29-12.77) were independent factors associated with habitual BQ chewing. In conclusion, adverse hepatic fibrosis and severe liver damage play important roles in the pathogenesis of BQ-related HCC, which could be aggravated by chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis C. BQ-cessation programs and prevention of chronic HBV/HCV infection are needed to prevent HCC related to BQ chewing.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.265-270
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• 2015

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is amongst the top three cancer causes of death worldwide with hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV/HCV) as the main etiological agents. An up-to-date descriptive epidemiology of the burden of HBV/HCV-associated HCC in the Arab world is lacking. We therefore determined the burden of HBV/HCV-associated HCC deaths in the Arab world using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2010 dataset. GBD 2010 provides, for the first time, deaths specifically attributable to viral-associated HCC. We analyzed the data for the 22 Arab countries by age, sex and economic status from 1990 to 2010 and compared the findings to global trends. Our analysis revealed that in 2010, an estimated 752,101 deaths occurred from HCC worldwide. Of these 537,093 (71%) were from HBV/HCV-associated HCC. In the Arab world, 17,638 deaths occurred from HCC of which 13,558 (77%) were HBV/HCV-linked. From 1990 to 2010, the burden of HBV and HCV-associated HCC deaths in the Arab world increased by 137% and 216% respectively, compared to global increases of 62% and 73%. Age-standardized death rates also increased in most of the Arab countries, with the highest rates noted in Mauritania and Egypt. Male gender and low economic status correlated with higher rates. These findings indicate that the burden of HBV/HCV-associated HCC in the Arab world is rising at a much faster rate than rest of the world and urgent public health measures are necessary to abate this trend and diminish the impact on already stretched regional healthcare systems.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.1-18
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• 2008

1980년대부터 시행된 HBV 감염의 예방 백신접종으로 HBV 감염율이 감소되고 1997년부터 시작된 핵산유사체인 LMV의 항바이러스치료 효과로 인하여 CHB 환자에서 HBV 증식 억압이 가능하게 되면서 10~20여년 동안 HCC 발생율이 현저히 감소된다는 보고가 증가하고 있으며 21세기 전반기에는 1980년대 부터인 백신접종가능 시기 이후의 출생자들이 성인이 되는 시점이 되면 HBV 감염율 감소로 동반된 HCC 발생율의 현저한 감소를 예측하고 있다. 이미 백신 개발 이 전에 또는 백신접종의 기회를 얻지 못하고 이미 영유아 시기에 감염되어 CHB에 이환된 환자들의 간경변증, HCC 등 만성 합병증을 치료하기 위해서는 적극적인 항바이러스치료가 필요하였으나 1980년대 후반에 유일하게 CHB 치료제로 인정된 인터페론은 치료 적응증이나 그 효과에 있었으나 극소수의 제한된 환자에서 제한된 효과만이 입증되었으며 특히 역학적 차이로 인한 바이러스학적, 개체 면역학적 조건에 따라 전혀 고려되지 않는 경우가 많고 수직감염자가 대다수인 우리나라를 포함한 대부분의 고감역지역에서는 우선 선택되지 않는 약제였으며 장기 효과에 대해서는 이십여년이 지난 시점에도 확실하지 않은 상황에서, 1997년부터 극적인 항바이러스 효과를 나타내는 LMV을 투약할 수 있게 되었다. LMV의 HCC 발생 억제효과를 높이기 위해 개선해야 할 점은 필수적인 장기투약에 의해 발생되는 내성 바이러스의 출현이며 이는 간기능뿐 만아니라 HCC 발생의 위험도 높일 수 있다는 보고도 있다. LMV 이후 처방 허가된 ADV, telbivudine(LdT), ETV, CLV, TDF 등도 장기 투약시 내성바이러스 발생이 가능하나 내성 발생을 줄이기 위해서는 적절한 약의 선택과 새로운 약제의 개발과 동시에 치료 원칙의 정립이 필요하다. 그러나 이러한 문제점이 있음에도 불구하고 항바이러스치료로 CHB의 진행 및 만성 합병증 발생의 빈도가 감소되고 있으며 HCC 발생 역시 감소될 것이며, 그 효과를 더 높이기 위해서는 내성변이종 발생 문제를 해결해야 하며 치료대상, 치료기준, 약제의 선택과 방법 및 면밀한 검사관리가 필요하다. 그러나 무엇보다 중요한 것은 일단 HBV에 감염되면 과거감염이건 현재 감염이건 현재의 핵산유사체 제제로 HBV DNA 증식을 억제하더라도 간조직내 cccDNA와 융합된 HBV DNA를 보유할 수 있으며 그 증거로는 HBsAg이 음성인 HCC 환자의 혈청이나 간조직에서 HBV DNA가 발견되는 빈도가 높다는 증거가 무수히 많고, 상황에 따라서는 간질환의 원인이 된다는 보고가 다수 있으므로 가장 완벽하고 확실한 예방법인 HBV 백신 접종이 무엇보다 필수적이며 전세계 대부분의 HCC 발생을 예방할 수 있다. 또한 현재 제시되고 있는 항바이러스제 치료기준은 혈청 간세포괴사치 상승을 조건으로 제한하는데 혈청 ALT치나 HBeAg 상태에 무관하게 간 조직의 상태나 HBV DNA치의 증가와 비례해서 간경변이나 HCC 발생의 위험이 높아진다는 사실이 중요하다.

• 한국독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국독성학회 2001년도 International Symposium on Effects of Edible Phytochemicals and Their Synthetic Derivatives on Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis
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• pp.3-4
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• 2001

Residents of Qidong, Peoples Republic of China, are at high risk for development of hepatocellular carcinoma, in part due to consumption of foods contaminated with aflatoxins. Chlorophyllin, a mixture of semi-synthetic, water-soluble derivatives of chlorophyll that is used as a food colorant and over-the-counter medicine, has been shown to be an effective inhibitor of aflatoxin hepatocarcinogenesis in animal models.(omitted)

• 한국독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국독성학회 2001년도 International Symposium on Dietary and Medicinal Antimutgens and Anticarcinogens
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• pp.46-47
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• 2001

Residents of Qidong, Peoples Republic of China, are at high risk for development of hepatocellular carcinoma, in part due to consumption of foods contaminated with aflatoxins. Chlorophyllin, a mixture of semi-synthetic, water-soluble derivatives of chlorophyll that is used as a food colorant and over-the-counter medicine, has been shown to be an effective inhibitor of aflatoxin hepatocarcinogenesis in animal models.(omitted)

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권7호
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• pp.3369-3375
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• 2016

MicroRNAs, a novel class of small non-coding RNAs, are key players in many cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, invasion and regeneration. Tissue and circulatory microRNAs could serve as useful clinical biomarkers and deregulated expression levels have been observed in various cancers. Gene variants may alter microRNA processing and maturation. Thus, we aimed to investigate the association of MIR-196a2 rs11614913 (C/T), MIR-499a rs3746444 (A/G) polymorphisms and their combination with cancer susceptibility in an Egyptian population. Sixty five renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and 60 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients and 150 controls were enrolled in the study. They were genotyped using real-time polymerase chain reaction technology. Both $miR-196a2^*T$ and $miR-499a*G$ were associated with RCC risk, but only $miR-196a^*T$ was associated with HCC development. Carriage of the homozygote combinations ($MIR196a2^*TT+MIR499a^*AA$) and ($MIR196a2^*CC+MIR499a^*GG$) was associated with 25 and 48 fold elevation of likelhood to develop RCC, respectively. The miR-196a2 SNP was also linked with larger tumor size in RCC and advanced tumor stage in HCC. miR-196a2 and miR-499a combined genotypes were associated with RCC and HCC. Further functional analysis of SNPs is required to confirm relationships between genotypes and phenotypes.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권16호
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• pp.7211-7217
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• 2015

Background: The aims of this study were to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic roles of serum osteopontin (OPN) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the OPN promoter in patients with hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Materials and Methods: Four groups were studied, which included 157 patients with HCC, 73 with liver cirrhosis (LC) and 97 with chronic hepatitis (CH), along with 80 healthy subjects. Serum OPN and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels were measured. The SNPs -66 T/G, -156 G/${\Delta}G$ and -433 C/T within the OPN promoter were determined by direct sequencing. Results: Serum OPN levels were significantly higher in patients with HCC than in the other groups. Area under receiver operating characteristics curves in distinguishing HCC from chronic liver disease (CLD; CH and LC) were 0.782 (95% CI; 0.729-0.834) for OPN and 0.888 (95% CI; 0.850-0.927) for AFP. Using the optimal cut-off value (70 ng/mL), OPN had sensitivity and specificity of 72% and 71%, respectively. Serum OPN was superior to AFP in detecting early-stage HCC (68% vs. 46%). A combination of both markers yielded an improved sensitivity for detecting early HCC to 82%. A high OPN level was significantly correlated with advanced BCLC stage and was an independent prognostic factor for HCC. The SNPs -156 and -443 were associated with susceptibility to HCC, but were not related to overall survival. Conclusions: Serum OPN is a useful diagnostic and prognostic marker for HCC. The combined use of serum OPN and AFP improved the diagnosis of early HCC. Genetic variation in the OPN promoter is associated with the risk, but not the prognosis of HCC.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.4451-4456
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• 2015

Background: The aim of our present study was to compare quality of life (QoL) between intermediate-stage (BCLC-B) HCC patients who had undergone either liver resection or transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE). Materials and Methods: A total of 102 intermediate-stage HCC patients participated in our study, including 58 who had undergone liver resection and 44 who had undergone TACE. Baseline demographic characteristics, tumor characteristics, and long-term outcomes, such as tumor recurrence, were compared and analyzed. QoL was assessed using the Short Form (SF)-36 health survey questionnaire with the mental and physical component scales (SF-36 MCS and PCS). This questionnaire was filled out at HCC diagnosis and 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 months after surgery. Results: For the preoperative QoL evaluation, the 8 domains related to QoL were comparable between the two groups. The PCS and MCS scores were significantly decreased in both the TACE and resection groups at1 month after surgery, and this decrease was greater in the resection group. These scores were significantly lower in the resection group compared with the TACE group (P<0.05). However, these differences disappeared at 3 and 6 months following surgery. One year after surgery, the resection group showed much higher PCS scores than the TACE patients (P=0.018), and at 2 years after surgery, the PCS and MCS scores for the resection group were significantly higher than those for the TACE group (P<0.05). Eleven patients (19.0%) in the resection group and 17 (38.6%) in the TACE group suffered HCC recurrence (P<0.05). Univariate and multivariate analyses indicated that tumor recurrence (HR=1.211, 95%CI: 1.086-1.415, P=0.012) was a significant risk factor for poorpostoperative QoL in the HCC patients.Conclusions: Due to its effects on reducing HCC recurrence and improving long-term QoL, liver resection should be the first choice for the treatment of patients with intermediate-stage HCC.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.217-225
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• 1994

The relationship between past liver disease history and the risk of primary liver cancer was analyzed in a hospital-based case-control study conducted in Seoul on 165 patients with histologically or serologically confirmed hepatocellular carcinoma and individually age- and sex-matched 165 controls in hospital for ophthalmologic, otologic, or nasopharyngeal problems. Significant association were observed for liver deseases occurring 5 or more years before liver cancer diagnosis [OR,4.9;95% confidence interval (CI), $1.6{\sim}14.0$) and family history of liver disease(OR, 9.0;95% CI, $2.1{\sim}38.8$). These associations were not appreciably modified by allowance for major identified potential confounding factors. From these results, it is possible to speculate that liver cell injuries caused by various factors might be a common pathway to developing primary liver carcinoma. Considering the significant effect of family history of liver diseases on PLCA risk after adjusting past liver disease history, there might be genetic susceptibility in the carcinogenic mechanism of liver cancer. Further investigations are needed to clarify the effect of family history of liver disease on PLCA risk.