• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.331-336
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• 2017

A 2-year-old female Maltese dog was presented with a history of anemia and vaginal hemorrhagic discharge. Physical examination revealed severe vaginal hemorrhagic discharge, abdominal pain, pale mucous membranes, low blood pressure and dehydration. Results of serum biochemistry, hematology, venous blood gas, and electrolyte canine C-reactive protein (CRP) test revealed severe normocytic normochromic anemia, severe neutropenia, a high level of CRP, hypoglycemia, and imbalanced electrolytes. Abdominal ultrasound examination showed focal hypoechoic defect with loss of layering in uterine horn wall. A laparotomy revealed a clear reddish fluid in the abdomen, the fistula of left and right uterine horn, the purulent discharge from fistula, and symptoms of septic peritonitis near by the fistula site. The bitch underwent ovariohysterectomy and recovered without complication. Histopathological diagnosis of the uterine fistula site was adenocarcinoma.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2014

Cordyceps is a fungus used as a traditional medicine in China, Japan, and Korea. Paecilomyces (P.) japonica is a new cordyceps that was recently cultivated on silkworm pupae in Korea. The present study evaluated the toxicological effects of P. japonica in rats. Forty rats were treated with oral doses of P. japonica (0, 20, 100, or 500 mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks. Twenty additional rats were treated with 0 or 500 mg/kg/day of P. japonica for 4 weeks and then maintained for 2 weeks without treatment. Clinical signs, body weight, food and water consumption, and organ weight as well as hematology, serum biochemistry, and histopathology data were examined. Body weight gain of the group treated with 500 mg/kg/day was significantly reduced. Microscopically, karyomegaly, single cell necrosis, and mitosis were observed in the renal tubular epithelium of all treated groups. In conclusion, P. japonica caused a reduction of body weight and renal injury in rats. The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of P. japonica was less than 20 mg/kg/day.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.261-267
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• 2011

Artemisia iwayomogi, a member of the Compositae, is a perennial herb easily found in Korea and used as a traditional medicine to treat liver disease. AIP1, a water-soluble carbohydrate fraction from Artemisia iwayomogi, showed anti-tumor and immuno-modulating activities in animal studies. A subacute toxicological evaluation of AIP1 was performed for 4 weeks in ICR mice. After administration of AIP1 (0, 20, 100, 500 mg/kg/day), the clinical signs, mortalities, body weight changes, hematology, blood clinical biochemistry, urinalysis, organ histopathology, organ weights and gross finding were examined. The results showed that there were no significant differences in body weight changes, food intakes, water consumptions, or organ weights among different dose groups. Also we observed no death and abnormal clinical signs during the experimental period. Between the groups orally treated with AIP1 and the control group, there was no statistical significance in hematological test or serum biochemical values. Histopathological examination showed no abnormal changes in AIP1 groups. These results suggest that no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of the oral administration of AIP1 for 4 weeks was considered to be more than 500 mg/kg/day in mice under the condition investigated in current study.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.72-79
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• 2003

The present study was conducted to investigate the potential subacute toxicity of AS6, [(3$\beta$, 4$\alpha$)-3,23-dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid], by a 4-week repeated oral administration in Sprague-Dawley rats. To test the subacute toxicity, AS6 was administered once daily by gavage to rats at dose levels of 0, 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks. There were no treatment-related effects on mortality, clinical signs, body weight, food and water consumption, ophthalmoscopy, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, necropsy findings, organ weights, and histopathology in any treatment group. In the condition of this study, target organ was not observed and the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was considered to be 1000 mg/kg/day for both male and female rats.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.79-84
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• 2009

Cerium oxide nanoparticles (size: 30 nm) were prepared by the supercritical synthesis method, Acute oral toxicity and tissue distribution of the nanoparticles were evaluated by a single administration in rats. Oral administration of the nanoparticles to the rats did not lead to death when the animals were treated by a dose of 5 g/kg (high dose) as well as 100 mg/kg (low dose). Abnormal clinical signs, changes in serum biochemistry and hematology were not observed in high-dose treated group compared to the vehicle control group. Lesions in liver, lung and kidney were not observed in high-dose treated group by histopathological examination. Tissue distribution analysis in liver, kidney, spleen, lung, testis and brain was performed on day 1, day 7 and day 14 after treatment. The average values of the accumulated cerium oxide nanoparticles were elevated in all tissues but statistical significance was only shown in lung. Low levels of tissue distributions after a single oral administration seem to be the low bioavailability of the nanoparticles.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.848-852
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• 2009

Taeumjowi-tang is originated in Donguisusebowon edited by Lee Je-Ma. The objective of this study was to investigate the subacute toxicity of Taeumjowi-tang in rats. Several doses(0, 125, 250, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/kg) of Taeumjowi-tang were administered to rats for 4 weeks. The mortality, clinical signs, body weights and gross findings were examined for experimental period. No dead animals were found during the experimental period. In addition, any differences were not found between control and treated groups in clinical signs, hematology, serum biochemistry, and other findings. In conclusion, the no observed adverse effect level(NOAEL) for Taeumjowi-tang was over 2,000 mg/kg/day in rats.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.77-88
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• 2015

Lithospermum erythrorhizon has long been used in traditional Asian medicine for the treatment of diseases, including skin cancer. The oral toxicity of a hexane extract of Lithospermum erythrorhizon root (LEH) was investigated in Beagle dogs by using single escalating doses, two-week dose range-finding, and 4-week oral repeat dosing. In the single dose-escalating oral toxicity study, no animal died, showed adverse clinical signs, or changes in body weight gain at LEH doses of up to 2,000 mg/kg. In a 2 week dose range-finding study, no treatment-related adverse effects were detected by urinalysis, hematology, blood biochemistry, organ weights, or gross and histopathological examinations at doses of up to 500 mg LEH/kg/day. In the 4 week repeat-dose toxicity study, a weight loss or decreased weight gain was observed at 300 mg/kg/day. Although levels of serum triglyceride and total bilirubin were increased in a dose dependent manner, there were no related morphological changes. Based on these findings, the sub-acute no observable adverse effect level for 4-week oral administration of LEH in Beagles was 100 mg/kg/day.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.380-389
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• 2001

Non-human primates have been increasing in demand as important experimental animals and companion animals, domestically and internationally. The number of non-human primates for these purposes will be much enhanced in the near future. Despite this trend, basic physiological data are scarcely available in these animal species, leading to the difficulty to diagnose diseases when necessary, due to the absence of reference values. Particularly, there is not any report on the total activity of LDH of non-human primates, let alone LDH isoenzyme patterns, in Korea. LDH isoenzymes have a high level of efficaciousness as diagnostic and prognostic aids in various diseases. In this study, total activities and isoenzyme patterns of LDH were measured to obtain their reference values in domestically reared common marmosets, crab-eating macaques and Japanese macaques. There were widespread different values of serum total LDH among the non-human primate species experimented in this study. Serum LDH values of common marmosets and crab-eating macaques were 597.5$\pm$243.1 IU/l and 605.3$\pm$312.6 IU/l, respectively, whereas those of Japanese macaque showed 1,209$\pm$473.8 IU/l. Five isoenzyme fractions of LDH were observed in all experimented non-human primates but their ranks and proportions represented different patterns one another. In common marmosets, the percent of fraction for serum LDH1, LDH$_2$, LDH$_3$, LDH$_4$, and LDH$_{5}$ was 13.7$\pm$6.4%, 23.3$\pm$3.6%, 29.2$\pm$5.0%, 9.4$\pm$1.4% and 24.4$\pm$7.5%, respectively. The rank of LDH isoenzymes was LDH$_3$>LDH$_{5}$>LDH$_2$>LDH$_1$>LDH$_4$, in the descending order. For crab-eating macaques, the fraction of serum LDH$_1$, LDH$_2$, LDH$_3$, LDH$_4$, and LDH$_{5}$ occupied 19.5$\pm$12.7%, 25.3$\pm$9.3%, 23.8$\pm$8.1%, 10.2$\pm$2.8% and 21.3$\pm$14.2%, respectively. The order of LDH isoenzymes was LDH$_2$>LDH$_3$>LDH$_{5}$>LDH$_1$>LDH$_4$, from top to down. On the while, in Japanese macaques, the fraction of serum LDH$_1$ to LDH$_{5}$ showed 23.4$\pm$11.8%, 30.5$\pm$4.1%, 17.4$\pm$3.9%, 11.3$\pm$3.7% and 13.8$\pm$5.6%, respectively. The decreasing order indicated LDH$_2$>LDH$_1$>LDH$_3$>LDH$_{5}$>LDH$_4$. In conclusion, values such as LDH and LDH isoenzyme patterns of investigated for the first time from non-human primates reaared in Korea, could be reference values for the optimal diagnosis and therapy of diseases of the corresponding animal species. Other parameters of hematology and blood biochemistry are urgently needed to study for the benefit of our intimate non-human primates.an primates.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.89-96
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• 2010

Hematological and serum biochemical values were assessed from 20 clinically healthy Japanese Macaques raised in Everland Zoological Gardens and compared to the International Species Information System (ISIS) reference range that is used internationally as standard for wildlife animals. Taking our standard on sexual maturation at age 4, tRBC values in Macaques under age 4 were significantly lower than those over age 4, but the Hb and PCV values were significantly higher. Compared to the ISIS standard, the tRBC values in Macaques under age 4 were significantly lower whereas the Hb and MCHC values were significantly higher. Moreover, in the samples of Macaques over age 4, the PCV and MCV values were significantly lower than the ISIS standard. On serum biochemistry values the creatinine and amylase values in the Macaques under age 4 were significantly lower than those over age 4. In comparison with the ISIS standard, the values of ALT, ALP, BUN, IP, $Ca^{2+}$ and $K^+$ in the Macaques under age 4 did have no significant difference. The values of TP, GGT, tBil, amylase, TG and UA were significantly higher than the ISIS standard, but the values of albumin, AST, glucose, creatinine, cholesterol, CPK, LDH, $Na^+$ and Clwere significantly lower. In contrast, the values of TP, albumin, ALT, ALP, creatinine, cholesterol, amylase, TG, IP and $Na^+$ in the Macaques over age 4 did have no significant difference, but the values of GGT, BUN, tBil, UA and $Ca^{2+}$ were significantly higher, while the values of AST, glucose, CPK, LDH, $K^+$ and $Cl^-$ were significantly lower. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in hematological and serum biochemical values between the groups of male and female.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.42-48
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• 2015

Objectives: The aim of the study is to investigate both the single-dose intramuscular injection toxicity and the approximate lethal dose of water-soluble Carthami-flos and Cervi cornu parvum pharmacopuncture (WCFC) in male and female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Methods: The study was conducted at Biotoxtech Co. according to the Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) regulation and the toxicity test guidelines of the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS) after approval of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Dosages for the control, high dose, middle dose and low dose groups were 0.5 mL/animal of saline and 0.5, 0.25 and 0.125 mL/animal of WCFC, respectively. WCFC was injected into the muscle of the left femoral region by using a disposable syringe (1 mL, 26 gauge). The general symptoms and mortality were observed 30 minutes, 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours after the first injection and then daily for 14 days after the injection. The body weights of the SD rats were measured on the day of the injection (before injection) and on the third, seventh, and fourteenth days after the injection. Serum biochemical and hematologic tests, necropsy examinations, and histopathologic examinations at the injection site were performed after the observation period. Results: No deaths, abnormal clinical symptoms, or significant weight changes were observed in either male or female SD rats in the control or the test (0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 mL/animal) groups during the observation period. No significant differences in hematology and serum biochemistry and no macroscopic abnormalities at necropsy were found. No abnormal reactions at injection sites were noted on the topical tolerance tests. Conclusion: The results of this single-dose toxicity study show that WCFC is safe, its lethal doses in male and female SD rats being estimated to be higher than 0.5 mL/animal.