• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1975

Despite a number of recent studies on appendix its function appears to remain unknown. The present studies were undertaken in order to extend and confirm the previous studies concerning the role of appendix in immune response. An early hemagglutinin response of mercaptoethanol sensitive antibody(IgM antibody) in rabbit injected intravenously(i.v.) with 200mcg of bovine gamma globulin(BGG) was abolished by lethal whole body irradiation(900 r), but preserved in animals whose appendix and bone marrow were shielded during irradiation. Late formation of mercaptoethanol resistant antibody(IgG antibody) and the development of memory in bone marrow shielded animals were not affected by irradiation of the appendix. Formation of either IgM or IgG antibody to sheep red blood cells(SRBC) injected i.v. as determined by direct plaque forming cell(DPFC) technique in spleen were effectively abolished by appendectomy, thymectomy, or both followed by irradiation. When bone marrow was shielded in combination with autologous appendix reconstitution, DPFC response was about 5 times greater than the sum of two. Lysed appendix cells failed to restore the response. Lethally irradiated rabbits restored with combination of autologous appendix and thymus cells showed DPFC responses which were essentially normal. Three pools of appendix were obtained by manual separation technique and were stimulated with soluble concanavalin A(Con A), phytohemagglutinin-P(PHA) and pokeweed mitogen(PWM). Rabbit appendix cells responded to Con A, PHA and PWM. Cells of thymus dependent area(TDA) of the appendix were relatively enriched in their response to T cell mitogens compared to dome and follicle cells. The PHA/Con A responsive ratio of appenix TDA subpopulation was high, indicating that Con A responsive cells have a wider distribution among appendix. This finding showed that interfollicular area of the appendix is thymus-dependent. The present studies confirmed other evidence that the rabbit appendix cells itself are unable to form antibody and T lymphocytes in appendix TDA may be heterogenous, and that the appendix cells are synergistic with either bone marrow or thymus cells in the early hemagglutinin on splenic antibody response to BGG or SRBC.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.735-739
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• 2014

Newcastle disease virus(NDV) 감염된 baby hamster kidney(BHK) 세포에서 syncytium(합포체) 형성은 세포막 표면으로의 수송된 바이러스 당단백질 hemagglutinin-neuramidase(HN)에 의해 일어난다. HAU 값은 추출물의 농도가 25과 3.2 ug/mL 사이에서는 현저하게 감소하였으나, NDV 감염된 HAD(%)는 25 ug/mL 농도에서 광범위한 흡착능의 감소를 나타내 바이러스 당단백질의 세포내 생합성은 저해되지 않았다. 그러므로, 약용식물인 마황 메탄올 추출물이 바이러스 당단백질의 세포막으로의 수송과 함께 합포체 형성을 저해하여 항바이러스 작용을 하였다. 또한 마황 추출물의 저해활성을 조사한 결과 ${\alpha}$-glucosidase에 대한 추출물의 $IC_{50}$은 $18{\mu}g/mL$이었으며, ${\beta}$-glucosidase, ${\alpha}$-mannosidase, ${\beta}$-mannosidase에 대한 마황 추출물의 $IC_{50}$은 각각 60, 40, $150{\mu}g/mL$로 나타나 ${\beta}$-type glycosidases 보다 ${\alpha}$-type glycosidase에 대한 효소활성 저해능이 우수하였다. 따라서 $IC_{50}$농도에서는 세포내에서 당단백질 생합성은 저해되지 않으며 당단백질의 수송을 저해하는 것으로 판단되었으며 향후 항바이러스 관련 작용기작의 연구가 필요하다고 판단된다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.155-165
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• 1985

Effects of binary ethylenimine (BEI) treatment on the inactivation of infectivity and hemagglutinin of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were studied in comparison with those of formalin treatment. Immune responses of chickens vaccinated with BEI-inactivated NDV vaccines were also investigated. The results were summarized as followings; 1. Complete loss of infectivity of NDV (Bl) was observed at 3, 7, and 24 hours after the treatment at $37^{\circ}C$ with BEI concentrations of 0.01M, 0.005M and 0.001M, respectively. 2. The hemagglutinin activity of NDV (Bl) remained constant when treated with 0.01M BEI at $37^{\circ}C$. However, it gradually decreased when treated with 0.1% or 0.2% formalin at $37^{\circ}C$. 3. When 4-week-old chickens were vaccinated with NDV vaccines prepared from Bl or Miyadera strains of NDV, inactivated with 0.1M BEI and adsorbed to aluminium hydroxide gel, favorable immune responses were observed throughout the 8 weeks of observation period. 4. When these chickens were revaccinated at 8 weeks after the first vaccination, strong anamnestic responses were evoked and the immunity maintained for 4 weeks of the observation. Though slightly bettor immune responses were observed after primary vaccination in chickens vaccinated with Bl vaccine compared with those vaccinated with Miyadera vaccine, the differences were not significant. 5. On the electron microscopy, BEI (0.01M) gave least effect to the envelope as well as capsid of NDV.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 한국균학회 2016년도 춘계학술대회 및 임시총회
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• pp.41-41
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• 2016

Influenza viruses are RNA viruses that belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family, and those can be divided into three types; A, B, and C, which based on the differences of the inner nucleoproteins and genomic structures. All three genera differ in their genomic structure and nucleoprotein content, they are further classified into various serotypes based on the two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). These glycoproteins play crucial roles in viral infection and replication. Hemagglutinin mediates binding of virions to sialic acid receptors on the surfaces of target cells at the initial stage of infection. Neuraminidase cleaves the glycosidic bonds of sialic acids from the viral and cell surfaces to release the mature virions from infected cells, after viral replication. Because NA plays an important role in the viral life cycle, it is considered an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of influenza. The methanolic extracts of Phellinus baumii and Phellinus igniarius exhibited significant activity in the neuraminidase inhibition assay. Polyphenolic compounds were isolated from the methanolic extracts. The structures of these compounds were determined to be hispidin, hypholomine B, inoscavin A, davallialactone, phelligridin D, phelligridin E, and phelligridin G by spectroscopic methods. Compounds inhibited the H1N1 neuraminidase activity in a dose-dependent manner with $IC_{50}$ values of 50.9, 22.9, 20.0, 14.2, 8.8, 8.1 and $8.0{\mu}M$, respectively. Moreover, these compounds showed anti-influenza activity in the viral cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction assay using MDCK cells. These results suggests that the polyphenols from P. baumii and P. igniarius are promising candidates for prevention and therapeutic strategies against viral infection.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.315-328
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• 2003

This study was performed to investigate the effect of Bunsimgieum on antitumor effect after sarcoma-180 cells transplantation into peritoneal cavity or left groin and immune responses on the depressed immunity induced by methotrexate in mice. The Bunsimgieum extract of 10mg/kg was orally administered 14 days for antitumor effects and 21 days for immune responses. 50% inhibitory concentration($IC_{50}$) of SUN-1, SUN-C4, and SUN-396 cancer cell, mean sunvival days and body weight of tumor bearing mice, and growth of tumor mass for antitumor effect; delayed type hypersentivity, hemagglutinin titer, hemolysis titer, rosette forming cells, natured killer cell activity, lymphocyte transformation, productivity of interleukin-2, and phagocytic activity for their immune responses were measured in ICR mice. Significance in antitumor effect is noted in the enlongation of mean life days and inhibition of tumor growth(p<0.01, respectively). Significance of immune responses is also noted in hemolysis titer, lymphocyte transfumotion, IL-2 productivity, phagocytic activity, and natural killer cell activity at E/T ratio 100:1(p<0.01, respectively). Significant in rosette cell formation was seen at dosage of 20mg/kg(p<0.01). However, Difference of body weight as antitumor effect, delayed type hypersensitivity, and hemagglutinin titer were not shown significantly. According to the above results, it could be suggested that Bunsimgieum has prominent antitumor and immunity enhancing effect.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.1002-1007
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• 2003

In order to investigate the effect of Sojagangki-tang on imuno-activity. the author performaed this experimental study. Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) and rosette forming cells (RFC) for cell-mediated immune response, hemagglutinin (HA) titers, hemolysin (HL) titers for humoral immune response, Carbon clearance for phagocytic function of MPS (mononuclear phagocyte system) were measured in ICR mice. The results were summurized as follows: Delayed tape hypersensitivity was increased with statistical significance in the administrated solid extract of Sojagangki-tang treated group as compared with the control group. Hemagglutinin titers were increased with statistical significance in the administrated solid extract of Sojagangki-tang treated group as compared with the control group. Hemolysin titers were increased with statistical significance in the administrated solid extract of Sojagangki-tang treated group as compared with the control group. Number of RFC was increased with statistical significance in the administrated solid extract of Sojagangki-tang treated group as compared with the control group. Carbon clearance was increased with statistical significance in the administrated solid extract of Sojagangki-tang treated group as compared with the control group. Through in vivo experimental study in ICR mice Sojagangki-tang enhences the cell-mediated immmune response, the humoral immune respose. According to the above results, I think that Sojagangki-tang could be used for allergy asthma and lung damage patients.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.33-36
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• 1998

닭에 있어서 닭와포자충 감염이 면역억제에 미치는 영항을 규명하기 위한 일환으로 150마리의 2 일령 SPF 병아리에 $5{\;}{\times}{\;}10^5$의 닭와포자충 오오시스트를 경구 투여하였다 경구투여 후 3일부터 95일까지 4일 간격으로 5마리씩의 병아리 정맥 내에 $1{\;}{\times}{\;}10^7$의 SRBC를 주입한 다음 각각 5일 후에 혈액을 채혈하여 SRBC의 응집소가를 측정하였다. 감염군에 있어서 분변 속의 오오시스트 배설은 정상적인 양상이었으며. 응집소가는 시일이 경과함에 따라 감염, 비감염 양군 모두 점점 높아져 52일에 최고에 이른 다음 점점 낮아졌다 한편. 실험기간을 통하여 응집소가는 오오시스트를 투여하지 않은 비감염군에 비하여 오오시스트를 투여한 감염군이 의의있게 낮았다. (P<0.05) 결과로 미루어 보아 닭와포자충 감염닭은 비감염닭베 비하여 항체반응이 저하되는 경향이 있다.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.83-93
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• 2000

목 적 : Urabe AM-9 볼거리 백신주는 무균성 뇌막염의 발생 빈도가 높은 것으로 알려져 있다. 백신 접종 후 무균성 뇌막염을 일으키는 경우 Urabe AM-9 백신주의 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase(HN) 유전자의 염기서열 1081번의 G가 A로 치환되어 335번째 아미노산이 glutamic acid에서 lysine으로 바뀌게 됨에 따라 야생형의 mumps 바이러스와 동일한 작용을 나타내는 것으로 알려져 있다. 이에 국내에서 사용중인 Urabe AM-9 백신주의 안전성 여부를 조사하기 위해 일부 백신주와 야생 분리주의 HN 유전자의 염기서열 분석을 실시하였다. 방 법 : 국내에서 사용되고있는 Urabe AM-9주 백신 2종류와 1998~1999년에 볼거리 환자로부터 분리된 야생 분리주를 이용하여 RT-PCR 방법에 의해 HN 유전자를 증폭시킨 후 염기 및 아미노산 서열 분석을 실시하였다. 결 과 : 백신주와 야생 분리주 모두 HN 343, 1476, 1570번 위치에서의 염기 변이는 없었으나 1081번 위치 염기는 모두 야생주와 같은 Lysine/AAA form으로 나타났으며 변이주인 Glutamic acid/GAA와의 혼합 양상은 관찰되지 않았다. HN 1470번 위치의 염기는 백신주 중 계대 배양시 C에서 A로 치환되었으며, HN 1727번 위치 염기는 모두 A에서 G로 치환된 것으로 나타났다. 결 론 : 국내에서 사용중인 2종류의 Urabe AM-9 백신주와 야생 분리주 모두 1081번 위치의 염기가 야생주와 같은 무균성 뇌막염을 일으킬 생물학적 가능성이 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 국내에서도 상기 백신주를 사용한 후 무균성 뇌막염이 발생하고 있을 개연성이 매우 크다고 사료되며 직접적인 연관성에 대한 보완 연구를 위하여 정확하고 믿을만한 자료에 의한 실제 부작용 실태를 파악하여야 한다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제79권2호
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• pp.70-73
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• 2016

In late March of 2009, an outbreak of influenza in Mexico, was eventually identified as H1N1 influenza A. In June 2009, the World Health Organization raised a pandemic alert to the highest level. More than 214 countries have reported confirmed cases of pandemic H1N1 influenza A. In Korea, the first case of pandemic influenza A/H1N1 infection was reported on May 2, 2009. Between May 2009 and August 2010, 750,000 cases of pandemic influenza A/H1N1 were confirmed by laboratory test. The H1N1-related death toll was estimated to reach 252 individuals. Almost one billion cases of influenza occurs globally every year, resulting in 300,000 to 500,000 deaths. Influenza vaccination induces virus-neutralizing antibodies, mainly against hemagglutinin, which provide protection from invading virus. New quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine generates similar immune responses against the three influenza strains contained in two types of trivalent vaccines and superior responses against the additional B strain.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.135-146
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• 1989

This study was undertaken to assess the effect of sound stress on humoral and cellular immune responses to thymus-dependent and independent antigens in mice. After mice were exposed to 4 hr daily sound stessors(83㏈) for 4 days before or after immunization, the primary and / or secondary immune response to sheep red blood cells(SRBC), polyvinylpyrroridone(PVP) or picry1 chloride(TNCB) were assayed. When mice were exposed to sound stressor before or after immunization, delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction and contact sensitivity to TNCB was remarkably depressed compared with those of the unstressed control mice. However, the primary and secondary hemagglutinin response of the stresed mice to SRBC showed a pronounced increase compared with that of the unstressed mice, In contrast to antibody response to SRBC, the primary antibody response of the stressed mic to PVP was almost not detected. surprisingly, the secondary antibody response to PVP of the mice receiving the secondary sound stress was markedly increased when the immune-depressed mice received the secondary immunization with PVP at 46 days after the primary immunization. The susceptibility of mice to intraven-oulsy infected Candida albicans was not changed by the sound stress.