• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1975

Despite a number of recent studies on appendix its function appears to remain unknown. The present studies were undertaken in order to extend and confirm the previous studies concerning the role of appendix in immune response. An early hemagglutinin response of mercaptoethanol sensitive antibody(IgM antibody) in rabbit injected intravenously(i.v.) with 200mcg of bovine gamma globulin(BGG) was abolished by lethal whole body irradiation(900 r), but preserved in animals whose appendix and bone marrow were shielded during irradiation. Late formation of mercaptoethanol resistant antibody(IgG antibody) and the development of memory in bone marrow shielded animals were not affected by irradiation of the appendix. Formation of either IgM or IgG antibody to sheep red blood cells(SRBC) injected i.v. as determined by direct plaque forming cell(DPFC) technique in spleen were effectively abolished by appendectomy, thymectomy, or both followed by irradiation. When bone marrow was shielded in combination with autologous appendix reconstitution, DPFC response was about 5 times greater than the sum of two. Lysed appendix cells failed to restore the response. Lethally irradiated rabbits restored with combination of autologous appendix and thymus cells showed DPFC responses which were essentially normal. Three pools of appendix were obtained by manual separation technique and were stimulated with soluble concanavalin A(Con A), phytohemagglutinin-P(PHA) and pokeweed mitogen(PWM). Rabbit appendix cells responded to Con A, PHA and PWM. Cells of thymus dependent area(TDA) of the appendix were relatively enriched in their response to T cell mitogens compared to dome and follicle cells. The PHA/Con A responsive ratio of appenix TDA subpopulation was high, indicating that Con A responsive cells have a wider distribution among appendix. This finding showed that interfollicular area of the appendix is thymus-dependent. The present studies confirmed other evidence that the rabbit appendix cells itself are unable to form antibody and T lymphocytes in appendix TDA may be heterogenous, and that the appendix cells are synergistic with either bone marrow or thymus cells in the early hemagglutinin on splenic antibody response to BGG or SRBC.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.735-739
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• 2014

Ephedra sinica Stapf, known as a medicinal plant, inhibited not only syncytium formation, but also trafficking of viral glycoprotein, hemagglutinin-neuramidase (HN) to the cell-surface. Trafficking of viral glycoprotein to the surface of infected-cells results in syncytium formation in Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-infected baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells. Viral glycoprotein in the infected-cell is processed within the endoplasmic reticulum during routing into surface. The processing of viral glycoprotein like a N-linked oligosaccharide trimming by ${\alpha}$-glucosidase in cell is necessary for virus infection. Methanol extracts showed inhibitory activities ($IC_{50}$ $15{\mu}g/mL$) against ${\alpha}$-glucosidase. This suggested that E. sinica extracts inhibited the cell-surface expression of NDV-HN glycoprotein without significantly affecting HN glycoprotein synthesis in NDV-infected BHK cells.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.155-165
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• 1985

Effects of binary ethylenimine (BEI) treatment on the inactivation of infectivity and hemagglutinin of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were studied in comparison with those of formalin treatment. Immune responses of chickens vaccinated with BEI-inactivated NDV vaccines were also investigated. The results were summarized as followings; 1. Complete loss of infectivity of NDV (Bl) was observed at 3, 7, and 24 hours after the treatment at $37^{\circ}C$ with BEI concentrations of 0.01M, 0.005M and 0.001M, respectively. 2. The hemagglutinin activity of NDV (Bl) remained constant when treated with 0.01M BEI at $37^{\circ}C$. However, it gradually decreased when treated with 0.1% or 0.2% formalin at $37^{\circ}C$. 3. When 4-week-old chickens were vaccinated with NDV vaccines prepared from Bl or Miyadera strains of NDV, inactivated with 0.1M BEI and adsorbed to aluminium hydroxide gel, favorable immune responses were observed throughout the 8 weeks of observation period. 4. When these chickens were revaccinated at 8 weeks after the first vaccination, strong anamnestic responses were evoked and the immunity maintained for 4 weeks of the observation. Though slightly bettor immune responses were observed after primary vaccination in chickens vaccinated with Bl vaccine compared with those vaccinated with Miyadera vaccine, the differences were not significant. 5. On the electron microscopy, BEI (0.01M) gave least effect to the envelope as well as capsid of NDV.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.41-41
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• 2016

Influenza viruses are RNA viruses that belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family, and those can be divided into three types; A, B, and C, which based on the differences of the inner nucleoproteins and genomic structures. All three genera differ in their genomic structure and nucleoprotein content, they are further classified into various serotypes based on the two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). These glycoproteins play crucial roles in viral infection and replication. Hemagglutinin mediates binding of virions to sialic acid receptors on the surfaces of target cells at the initial stage of infection. Neuraminidase cleaves the glycosidic bonds of sialic acids from the viral and cell surfaces to release the mature virions from infected cells, after viral replication. Because NA plays an important role in the viral life cycle, it is considered an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of influenza. The methanolic extracts of Phellinus baumii and Phellinus igniarius exhibited significant activity in the neuraminidase inhibition assay. Polyphenolic compounds were isolated from the methanolic extracts. The structures of these compounds were determined to be hispidin, hypholomine B, inoscavin A, davallialactone, phelligridin D, phelligridin E, and phelligridin G by spectroscopic methods. Compounds inhibited the H1N1 neuraminidase activity in a dose-dependent manner with $IC_{50}$ values of 50.9, 22.9, 20.0, 14.2, 8.8, 8.1 and $8.0{\mu}M$, respectively. Moreover, these compounds showed anti-influenza activity in the viral cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction assay using MDCK cells. These results suggests that the polyphenols from P. baumii and P. igniarius are promising candidates for prevention and therapeutic strategies against viral infection.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.315-328
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• 2003

This study was performed to investigate the effect of Bunsimgieum on antitumor effect after sarcoma-180 cells transplantation into peritoneal cavity or left groin and immune responses on the depressed immunity induced by methotrexate in mice. The Bunsimgieum extract of 10mg/kg was orally administered 14 days for antitumor effects and 21 days for immune responses. 50% inhibitory concentration($IC_{50}$) of SUN-1, SUN-C4, and SUN-396 cancer cell, mean sunvival days and body weight of tumor bearing mice, and growth of tumor mass for antitumor effect; delayed type hypersentivity, hemagglutinin titer, hemolysis titer, rosette forming cells, natured killer cell activity, lymphocyte transformation, productivity of interleukin-2, and phagocytic activity for their immune responses were measured in ICR mice. Significance in antitumor effect is noted in the enlongation of mean life days and inhibition of tumor growth(p<0.01, respectively). Significance of immune responses is also noted in hemolysis titer, lymphocyte transfumotion, IL-2 productivity, phagocytic activity, and natural killer cell activity at E/T ratio 100:1(p<0.01, respectively). Significant in rosette cell formation was seen at dosage of 20mg/kg(p<0.01). However, Difference of body weight as antitumor effect, delayed type hypersensitivity, and hemagglutinin titer were not shown significantly. According to the above results, it could be suggested that Bunsimgieum has prominent antitumor and immunity enhancing effect.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.1002-1007
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• 2003

In order to investigate the effect of Sojagangki-tang on imuno-activity. the author performaed this experimental study. Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) and rosette forming cells (RFC) for cell-mediated immune response, hemagglutinin (HA) titers, hemolysin (HL) titers for humoral immune response, Carbon clearance for phagocytic function of MPS (mononuclear phagocyte system) were measured in ICR mice. The results were summurized as follows: Delayed tape hypersensitivity was increased with statistical significance in the administrated solid extract of Sojagangki-tang treated group as compared with the control group. Hemagglutinin titers were increased with statistical significance in the administrated solid extract of Sojagangki-tang treated group as compared with the control group. Hemolysin titers were increased with statistical significance in the administrated solid extract of Sojagangki-tang treated group as compared with the control group. Number of RFC was increased with statistical significance in the administrated solid extract of Sojagangki-tang treated group as compared with the control group. Carbon clearance was increased with statistical significance in the administrated solid extract of Sojagangki-tang treated group as compared with the control group. Through in vivo experimental study in ICR mice Sojagangki-tang enhences the cell-mediated immmune response, the humoral immune respose. According to the above results, I think that Sojagangki-tang could be used for allergy asthma and lung damage patients.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.33-36
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• 1998

Hemagglutinin (HA) titers to SRBC were chronologically observed in chickens orally inoculated at 2 days of age with 5 × 105 oocysts of Cwptosporidium bniLeWi. All the infected chickens exhibited negligible HA titers by 44 days postinoculation (Pl) . The titers were elevated as time progressed. and peaked on day 52 Pl, declined gradually thereafter, and eventually reached to normal titers on day 92 Pl. On the contrary, the titers in uninfected chickens were higher in comparison with infected chickens during the experiment. Chickens infected with the protozoa showed normal oocyst shedding profiles during this period. These data suggest that C. bnilewi infection suppress development of humoral immunity to SRBC in chickens. It is possible that impairment of the bursa of Fabricius by cryptosporidiosis rendered chickens vulnerable to other pathogens.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.83-93
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• 2000

Purpose : Urabe AM-9 strain was known to be associated with increased aseptic meningitis. The reason for high incidence of vaccine-associated meningitis was known that nucleotide(nt) substituted form G to A at position 1081 of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase(HN) gene and therefore, glutamic acid changed to lysine at amino acid 335. We assessed by comparing nt sequence of the HN gene form Urabe AM-9 strain with wild strain and documented the correlation between nt substitution and vaccine-associated meningitis. Methods : Two lots of Urabe AM-9 vaccine distributed in Korea and mumps wild strains isolated from 1998 through 1999 were analysed. Analysis was made by nt sequencing following amplification of HN gene by RT-PCR. Results : Nucleotide substitution at position 343, 1476, 1570 was not found in both Urabe AM-9 vaccines and wild strains. But analysis of vaccine strains and wild strains isolated from patients revealed substitution from G to A at nt 1081 of the HN gene. Therefore, it encodes lysine instead of glutamic acid at amino acid 335. There was no mixture from of G and A at nt 1081. Nt at 1470 of one lot of Urabe AM-9 vaccines changed from C to A after Vero cell passage. Nt at 1727 of vaccines and wild strains was substituted A to G, so it encodes glycine instead of aspartic acid. Conclusion : Nucleotide analysis of HN gene revealed that nt 1081 of Urabe AM-9 vaccines and wild strains had wild type AAA($Lys^{335}$) instead of variant type GAA($Glu^{335}$). The results of this study suggest that there was a probability of vaccine-associated meningitis due to Urabe AM-9 in Korea before. But incidence of actual side effect was not evaluated because there was no reporting system in Korea.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.79 no.2
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• pp.70-73
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• 2016

In late March of 2009, an outbreak of influenza in Mexico, was eventually identified as H1N1 influenza A. In June 2009, the World Health Organization raised a pandemic alert to the highest level. More than 214 countries have reported confirmed cases of pandemic H1N1 influenza A. In Korea, the first case of pandemic influenza A/H1N1 infection was reported on May 2, 2009. Between May 2009 and August 2010, 750,000 cases of pandemic influenza A/H1N1 were confirmed by laboratory test. The H1N1-related death toll was estimated to reach 252 individuals. Almost one billion cases of influenza occurs globally every year, resulting in 300,000 to 500,000 deaths. Influenza vaccination induces virus-neutralizing antibodies, mainly against hemagglutinin, which provide protection from invading virus. New quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine generates similar immune responses against the three influenza strains contained in two types of trivalent vaccines and superior responses against the additional B strain.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.135-146
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• 1989

This study was undertaken to assess the effect of sound stress on humoral and cellular immune responses to thymus-dependent and independent antigens in mice. After mice were exposed to 4 hr daily sound stessors(83㏈) for 4 days before or after immunization, the primary and / or secondary immune response to sheep red blood cells(SRBC), polyvinylpyrroridone(PVP) or picry1 chloride(TNCB) were assayed. When mice were exposed to sound stressor before or after immunization, delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction and contact sensitivity to TNCB was remarkably depressed compared with those of the unstressed control mice. However, the primary and secondary hemagglutinin response of the stresed mice to SRBC showed a pronounced increase compared with that of the unstressed mice, In contrast to antibody response to SRBC, the primary antibody response of the stressed mic to PVP was almost not detected. surprisingly, the secondary antibody response to PVP of the mice receiving the secondary sound stress was markedly increased when the immune-depressed mice received the secondary immunization with PVP at 46 days after the primary immunization. The susceptibility of mice to intraven-oulsy infected Candida albicans was not changed by the sound stress.