• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.17-22
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• 2008

A rapid, inexpensive enzymatic method is proposed for indirect water quality testing in terms of heavy metal toxicity. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was applied for heavy metal toxicity test as an effective criterion in water quality. The toxicity of Pb (lead) and Cd (cadmium) for water flea, Moina macrocopa, were evaluated for $2{\sim}8\;days$ with variables of mobilization ability. And the reproduction impairment of Moina macrocopa were investigated as the parameter of chronic toxicity twst for Pb and Cd. As a result, the $EC_{50}$ for immobilization of Moina macrocopa were Pb and Cd were 1.6749 and 0.4683, respectively. The values of reproducive impairment to Moina macrocopa for Pb and Cd were 9.5938 and 8.3264 in $EC_{50}$. A significant alteration of G6PDH (Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) activity of Moina macrocopa was observed when Cd and Pb were treated in media. The results obtained indicate that G6PDH activity of Moina macrocopa can be used as an indicative parameter in aquatic toxicity tests for heavy metals.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.63-74
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 대규모 철도부지를 상업부지로 개발함에 따라 과거 부지 내부에 산업 폐기물 등이 부적절하게 처리되어 중금속 폐기물로 오염된 토양의 Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni 에 대한 인체 위해성 평가를 수행하였다. 위해성 평가는 토양의 복원 및 복원과정에서 필요한 고려요소를 도출하는데 주요한 과정이다. 본 연구에서는 위해성 평가를 위해 환경부 위해성평가지침을 준용하여 노출농도 결정, 노출량 산정, 발암 및 비발암 위해도를 결정하였다. 이를 통해 철도부지의 중금속 오염토양의 인체 위해성 평가 결과를 제시하였다. 노출농도 산정결과 토양내 중금속 함량은 621.3 Cu mg/kg, 2,824.5 Pb mg/kg, 1,559.1 Zn mg/kg, 45 Ni mg/kg이고, 독성금속별 인체 노출량 결과, 노출경로별로는 토양의 실외비산 > 토양섭취 > 토양 접촉 순으로 나타났으며, 오염물질별로는 Pb > Zn > Cu > Ni 순으로 나타났다. 발암위해도 평가 결과, USEPA에서 제시한 허용발암위해도(TCR > $10^{-6}$) 보다 높게 나타났으며, 독성위해도(비발암성) 평가 결과, HI 지수(HI< 1.0)도 성인 3.5, 어린이 4.85, Cu 1.94 ~ 2.16, Pb 1.37 ~ 2.90으로 나타났다. 따라서 대상부지의 중금속으로 오염된 토양의 복원관리가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.193-202
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• 2013

The concentrations of heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and arsenic (As) in sand samples collected from selected children's playground and their correlation with environmental parameters, such as concentration of particulate matter in the atmosphere ($PM_{10}$), apartment age (> 5 years), clay and organic matter contents in sand samples, were analyzed. The average heavy metal concentration in samples was 0.040 mg $kg^{-1}$ for Cd, 0.200 mg $kg^{-1}$ for Cr, 1.75 mg $kg^{-1}$ for Cu, 15.1 mg $kg^{-1}$ for Ni, 3.42 mg $kg^{-1}$ for Pb, 66.7 mg $kg^{-1}$ for Zn and 0.750 mg $kg^{-1}$ for As, all of which were below the environmental regulatory level established by Korea Ministry of Environment. However, in the consideration of direct and oral exposure by children to playground sand, the risk of the concentration range in the samples might be greatly enhanced. Heavy metal concentration in samples collected from high $PM_{10}$ (> $70{\mu}gm^{-3}$) area was slightly greater than in samples from low $PM_{10}$ (< $70{\mu}gm^{-3}$), indicating the contribution of particulate matter in air phase to heavy metal concentration in playground sand samples. The concentrations of both Cd and Pb were the highest in apartments older than 21 years (0.050 mg $kg^{-1}$ and 5.28 mg $kg^{-1}$ for Cd and Pb respectively) and showed positive correlation with apartment age (p<0.01 and p<0.001 for Cd and Pb, respectively). Clay content in playground sands ranged 3.8~11.2% and was positively correlated with heavy metal concentration. Organic matter content was negligible (mostly < 0.1%) and showed poor correlation with heavy metal concentration. In conclusion, concentration of heavy metals in playground sand was found to be predominantly influenced by the apartment age and clay content in sand samples and supplemented by dust deposition of particulate matter ($PM_{10}$) from atmosphere.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.80-87
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• 1999

According to the fact that algae, which is usually used as a biosorbent, contains chlorophyll, we used the chlorophyll as an adsorbent. In this study, chlorophyll is immobilized by agar, which was made of platan, oak, ginkgo and pine. We investigated the removing capacity of biosorbents to toxic heavy metals (Pb, CU, Cd, Zn) in the single ion solution. Then the experimental parameters were pH, reaction time and concentration of heavy metal ions.The optimum conditions for the adsorption of heavy metals were as follows : pH range was 4~5, reaction time was 40mon, and the highest ratio of the removing rate was 50~70 ppm. The order of the amount of Pb, Cu and Cd removed was specified as oak > ginkgo > pine > platan in these conditions and as pine > ginkgo > oak > platan at Zn. Fro the results of the desorption experiments, we found that the heavy metal with the highest ratio of desorption in the single ion adsorbent was Cu.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.39-45
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• 2010

In order to treat paddy soils contaminated by Pb, Cd, and As near the abandoned mine, $H_2PO_4$ was used for stabilization of Pb ($PO_4$/Pb mole ratio of 2/1). In addition, $CaCO_3$ and $FeSO_4$ were used as stabilizers for treating Cd and As (2% w/w), respectively. Leaching tests were conducted with artificial rain in the column to assess the heavy metal stabilization efficiency. The mass of heavy metals in the effluents passed through the columns were analyzed. The remaining heavy metals in the soils were also analyzed as Korean soil standard method, phytoavailability test and sequential extraction test. Lead in the effluent was not detected when $H_2PO_4$ was used as a stabilizer. This result suggests that $H_2PO_4$ is efficient for Pb stabilization. In addition results of sequential extraction scheme suggest that heavy metals are present as residual forms which is not easily extracted.

• Advances in environmental research
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.281-299
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• 2017

Single (0.005 M DTPA), sequential (six-step) and kinetic (0.05 M EDTA) extractions were performed to assess Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn mobilization and their potential ecological risks in Abuja (Nigeria) water (WTS) and wastewater (WWTS) treatment sludges. Total metal levels (mg/kg) in WTS and WWTS, respectively were: Cd(3.67 and 5.03), Cr(5.70 and 9.03), Cu(183.59 and 231.53), Ni(1.33 and 3.23), Pb(13.43 and 17.87), Zn(243.45 and 421.29). DTPA furnished metal extraction yields (%) in WTS and WWTS, respectively as: Cd(11 and 6), Cr (15 and 7), Cu(17 and 13), Ni(23 and 3), Pb(11 and 12), and Zn(37 and 33). The metals were associated with the soluble/exchangeable, carbonate, Mn/Fe-oxide, organic matter and residual forms to varying degrees. Kinetic extractions cumulatively leached metal concentrations akin to the mobilizable fractions extracted sequentially and the leaching data fitted well into the Elovich model. Metal mobilities were concordant for the three leaching procedures and varied in the order:WTS>WWTS. Calculated ecological risk indices suggested moderate and considerable metal toxicity in WTS and WWTS, respectively with Cd as the worst culprit. The findings may be useful in predicting heavy metals bioavailability and risks in the sludges to guide their disposal and use in land applications.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.98-102
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• 2006

It was examined in this study that magnetic beads, which are assumed to be environmentally functional, could be effective in processing heavy metals that are water pollutants. For the purpose, magnetic beads containing carboxyl groups, which has strong binding force with heavy metals, are mixed with each Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu and Cr(III) solution, then stirred in pH 6. As a results of the process, it was proven that heavy metals bind quickly with magnetic beads through the reaction. In order to analyze heavy metal concentration, magnetic beads bind with heavy metal were collected by external magnetic force and dissolved in acid. The graphite furnace AAS was used to get heavy metal concentration melted in the acid solution. The results showed that heavy metal extractions by magnetic beads were influenced by the type and the concentration of a heavy metal, and over 90% of a heavy metal can be extracted in ppm level save for Cr(III). It was also examined in the study whether heavy metal extraction is influenced when other ions exist in each heavy metal solution. According to experiment, adding other heavy metals to a solution did have little influence on extracting an intended heavy metal. But in case salt or heavy metal chelate was added, Ni extraction changed sensitively although extracting other heavy metals were influenced only when the concentration of an added substance is high. In conclusion, it was shown that magnetic beads could be used to treat wastewater with relatively high heavy metal concentration.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.57-61
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• 1998

중금속 폐수를 처리하는 활성슬러지로 부터 Arthrobactor sp.를 부터 분리하여 생체흡착 실험에 사용하였다. Aythrobactor sp.의 납 흡착량은 초기농도 500 mg/L에서 146.9 mg Pb/g dry biomass로 Sacchuomyces ceieuslae와 Sacchuomyces uvuum보다 약 4배 더 많은 흡착량을 보여주었다. pH가 1.8, 3.0 및 4.0으로 골아 질수록 납의 홉착량은 증가하였고, biomass의 양이 많아질수록 단위 미생물당 납 흡착량은 감소하였다. Biomass에 0.1M KOH, $CaCl_2$및 NaOH로 4시간 동안 전 처리하여 흡착실험을 수행한 결과 KOH로 전 처리된 biomass의 납 흡착량은 1.26배 증가하였으나 NaOH로 처리한 것은 납의 흡착량이 감소하였다. Polyacrylamide에 고정화된 biomass를 반응기에 충진한 연속실험에서, 유속 2.12 $m^3/m^2/$day 에서 15시간 동안 납 제거효율이 99%이상 되었다.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.179-191
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• 2018

황해 동부해역 표층퇴적물의 중금속 분포 특성을 파악하기 위하여 입도, 유기탄소(TOC)와 함께 중금속 원소들(Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Mn, As, Ni, Co, Li, Fe, Al)의 농도를 분석하였다. 연구결과에 따르면, 일부 정점에서 Pb, Mn, As를 제외하면 모든 중금속 농도의 분포는 입도 및 TOC의 분포와 유사하게 황해 중앙해역에서 상대적으로 높고, 한국 연안으로 갈수록 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 입도와 중금속 농도간의 관계를 통하여 대부분의 금속은 입도가 세립할수록 농도가 높게 나타나는 일반적인 경향을 보였다. 그러나 일부 정점에서 Pb은 조립질 퇴적물에서의 암석기원(feldspar) 영향, Mn은 생물기원($CaCO_3$) 영향, As는 중광물(pyrite) 특성에 따라 분포 양상이 다르게 나타났다. 과거에 조사한 자료(2000년)와 비교했을 때, 황해 동부해역에서 지난 15년 동안의 추가적인 중금속 농축은 없었고, 투기해역에 대한 저질환경은 과거에 비해 크게 개선되지 못한 것으로 나타났다. 연구해역 내 모든 중금속의 농도는 한국과 중국에서 규정하고 있는 최소기준(TEL, MSQ-1)보다 낮았지만, 농축지수(enrichment factor; EF), 농집지수(geo-accumulation index; $I_{geo}$), 생태위해성지수(ecological risk index; ERI)는 Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr이 황해 중앙해역에서 상대적으로 높게 나타났다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.57-63
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• 1986

Atmospheric particulate matter (A.P.M.) was collected on quartz fiber filters from March 1985 to May 1986 according to particle size using Andersen high-volume air sampler, and 6 heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb) in these particulates were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The arithmetic mean concentration of A.P.M. was 195.57$\mug/m^3$. The arithmetic mean concentrations of 6 metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, Zn and Pb) were 3385.04, 1451.67, 897.94, 159.68, 127.14 and 59.49 $ng/m^3$ respectively. The order of heavy metals contributing to A.P.M. was as follows: Fe > Zn > Pb > Cu > Mn > Ni. These heavy metals were devided into 3 groups according to their particle size distribution. The contents of heavy metals belonging to the 1st group (Fe, Mn) were increased with the particle size. On the contrary, the content of Pb belonging to the 2nd group (Pb) was increased with the decrease in the particle size. The heavy metal contents in the 3rd group (Ni, Cu, Zn) were lowest in the particle size range of 2.0-3.3 $\mum$ compared with particles larger or smaller tha this range. The seasonal variation of heavy metal concentration were as follows: Fe and Mn contents were highest in spring, but Ni and Pb contents were highest in winter. Statistical analysis showed that there was a significant correlation between A.P.M. and Fe in coarse particles, meanwhile between A.P.M. and Pb in the case of fine particles.