• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.149-157
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• 2003

This study focused on relationships between Pb and Cd concentrations and the difference of success reproductive progress in urban (Seoul) and industrial complex (Ansan) areas. Results of the Pb analysis for the feral pigeons from Seoul (egg contents:1.64 $\mu\textrm{g}$ wet $g^{-1}$, adults in bones: 29.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$ wet $g^{-1}$ and the Ansan industrial complex (egg contents: 1.13 $\mu\textrm{g}$ wet $g^{-1}$, adults in bones: 10.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$ wet g-1) showed that the Pb level of eggs and adults is significantly different between the two colonies (p<0.05). Cd concentrations in liver and kidneys of adult pigeons were also significantly different between Seoul(liver: 0.24 ${\mu}g$ wet $g^{-1}$, kidney: 1.05 $\mu\textrm{g}$ wet $g^{-1}$ and the Ansan (liver: 0.14 $\mu\textrm{g}$ wet $g^{-1}$, kidney: 0.43 $\mu\textrm{g}$ wet $g^{-1}$ colonies (P<0.05). Clutch size of Feral Pigeons living in Seoul was similar between the two colonies, 1.9$\pm$0.3 in Seoul and 2.0$\pm$0.0 in Ansan. The length, breadth, and thickness of eggs were not significantly different between the two colonies (p>0.05). Incubation period in Seoul (17.8 days) did not differ from the Ansan (17.4 days). No difference in growth rate (body weight, wing length, and tarsus length) was found between the two test groups (p>0.05). In Seoul, 65.2% were hatching, and 42.1% fledging. The Proportion of hatching and fledging in the Ansan was 60.7% and 45.0%, respectively. The significant differences between the two colonies for reproductive sucess were not found (p>0.05). With regard to the reproductive effects to the heavy metals, the Pb and Cd concentrations feund in the two colonies were not as high as those considered in results of toxic effects in other species.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.35-46
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• 2009

In order to investigate spatial and temporal distributional characteristics of major water qualities in the Saemangeum area during the Saemangeum dike construction, salinity, COD, dissolved nutrients(DIN, Silicate) and heavy metals were analyzed from the surface water collected in April, May, August and November 2002. The overall value of Salinity, COD, DIN, and silicate in surface waters were in the range of $13.08{\sim}31.96\;psu$, $0.12{\sim}3.43\;mg/L$, $0.001{\sim}2.638\;mg/L$, and $0.010{\sim}3.181\;mg/L$, respectively. The COD and DIN in each survey showed the highest concentration at the mouth of Mangyeong river estuary(St. 1) where freshwater flow into the Saemangeum area. The concentrations of nutrients were high in the inner part of the Saemangeum dike with low-salinity, and low nutrients in the outer part of the dike with high-salinity, which strongly indicated that concentrations were adjusted by physical mixing. The ranges of dissolved metals and acid-soluble Hg in surface seawater were $0.006{\sim}0.115{\mu}g/L$ for Co, $0.26{\sim}0.114{\mu}g/L$ for Ni, $0.14{\sim}0.93{\mu}g/L$ for Cu, $0.04{\sim}0.53{\mu}g/L$ for Zn, $0.010{\sim}0.043{\mu}g/L$ for Cd, $0.010{\sim}0.795{\mu}g/L$ for Pb, and $0.25{\sim}4.16{\mu}g/L$ for Hg. The highest concentrations of some metals except for Cd were found at the estuary(Sts. 1 or 3). In most cases, a decreasing order of metal concentrations towards open sea(low-salinity$\rightarrow$high-salinity) was observed and showed positive relationship with DIN and silicate caused by land base pollutants input. On the other hand, due to Cd desorption from suspended solids in saline water, dissolved Cd concentrations were high in high-salinity area and low in low-salinity. In November, Co, Zn, Cu and Pb were relatively high in the northern area of the outer-side of Saemangeum, which was only influenced by the Geum river discharge. The concentrations of most dissolved metals of this study were lower than those of the past data in this area, but higher than those in Lena river estuary under the pristine environment.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.321-326
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• 1999

This study was performed to evaluate the quality of produced compost and to analyse the change of a component during the reduction compost according to the input volume. The volume of pilot scale used in this study was about 300㎥. The pile of 2m width, 20m length and 1.2m height was constructed. Woodchip was used as bulking agent to enhance pore volume of composting bay and to control water content of food waste in starting time. Food waste was turned using a mechanical tumer twice a day. The result are as follows : In these cases of input volume of $2m^3$ and $3.5m^3$, temperature of composting pile was maintained over $60^{\circ}C$ and water content was 43.6% and 47.2%, respectively. It was proved that microorganisms activity was maintained high in each input volume. After operation of step 1 and step 2, pH and organic matter in the final compost were 6.2, 6.6 and 84.3%, 79.6%, respectively. Cation concentration such as $K_2O,$ CaO and NaCl was accumulated in the compost during the composting period. NaCl concentration in the final compost was 4.62%, 4.92%, respectively. Hence, If was recommended that this compost should be applied to others expect agricultural area or mixed with a low concentration other compost. In the steps 1, input volume of $2m^3$, heavy metal concentration of Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni. Cd were 37.82㎎/㎏, 56.87㎎/㎏, 9.8㎎/㎏. 22.21㎎/㎏ and 3.69㎎/㎏, and 44.55㎎/㎏, 95.54㎎/㎏, 12.22㎎/㎏, 24.94㎎/㎏, and 3.86㎎/㎏ in the step 2.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.549-559
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• 2009

The objectives of this study are to investigate the biomineralization of goethite and lepidocrocite formed on the twisted-stalk and the sheathed-filament structure that is suggest microbe origin, and heavy metal in the yellow Fe-hydroxide. On the ratio of Cl and the Cl/Br ratios that are a pollution and non-pollution of groundwaters, it is indicated that the groundwater in this areas were relatively contaminated by human activity. The composition of the yellow Fe-hydroxide consisted mainly of $Fe_2O_3$ and $SiO_2$. The content of $Fe_2O_3$ ranges from 58.57 wt.% to 75.7 3wt.%, and $SiO_2$ content ranges from 5.8 wt.% to 16.17 wt.%. Heavy metal elements such as Zn(max. 6,160 mg/kg), Pb(max. 377 mg/kg), U(max. 503 mg/kg), Cr(max. 203 mg/kg), Cu(max. 77 mg/kg), V(max. 162 mg/kg), Ni(max. 105 mg/kg) were observed to be rich in those yellow Fe-hydroxide. The lath and platy crystals and needle-shaped crystals were clearly observed on the twisted-stalks and sheathed-filaments structure. The goethite, gypsum, and lepidocrocite were identified in the yellow Fe-hydroxide by x-ray powder diffraction.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.71-76
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• 2001

Recently, sludge disposal becomes one of the most serious environmental problems. Because the landfilling and ocean dumping of sludge materials will be prohibited in the near future, the proper treatment?disposal methods should be investigated. Also, oyster shells, piled at the coast, cause adverse effects in coastal fishery, public water surface, natural landscape, public health and so on. Thus, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the dissolution characteristic of metal compounds during soil application experiment using sewage treatment sludge mixed with oyster shells. The dissolution experiment conducted 100days under artificial rainfall and farming soil, mixed with sewage treatment sludge and oyster shells, was put into the pots(approx. 0.5L). The results from dissolution experiment as follows. 1. K, Na was $5{\sim}20mg/{\ell}$, and Ca was less than $90mg/{\ell}$. 2. Heavy metals such as Cd, Cu, As, Pb, Cr, Hg are dissoluted far less than the soil pollution guideline. The application of sewage sludge mixed with oyster shells increases pH(soil acidity)and buffer capacity(CEC) of farming soil, and heavy metals are thought to be attached to soil as insoluble forms.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.124-131
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• 2016

The toxic responses of flagellate Euglena agilis Carter to 8 heavy metals (Ag, Cd, Cr (VI), Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn) were measured using E. agilis system (E-Tox), an automated biomonitoring system. The E-Tox measures cell movement parameters, such as velocity, motility, and forms of the cells, as biological endpoints. $EC_{50}$ values from the E. agilis biomonitoring test were compared with the literature data from the tests with Daphnia magna, Vibrio fischeri and Euglena gracilis. Measurement of the E. agilis movement behavior and D. magna acute toxicity test were also conducted for the wastewater samples. E. agilis is less sensitive than D. magna but is comparable to or more sensitive than V. fischeri and E. gracilis for the heavy metals tested in this study. E. agilis shows prompt changes of these parameters for the toxic metal plating wastewater. Major advantages of the E-tox are automatic, easy to handle and fast ecotoxicity monitoring system compared to other biological test systems. These results imply that E. agilis biomonitoring test using E-Tox can be a putative ecotoxicity test as a good early warning tool for the monitoring of toxic wastewater.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.277-281
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• 1999

Chemical composition of imported table salts from China (sun dried), Thailand (sun dried) and Australia (rock salt) were compared the mineral content and heavv metal contamination with Korean sun dried salt. Kimchies prepared by those salts were analyzed the quality by pH, acidity and sensory evaluation. Chemical compositions were as follows : moisturefrom 1.7% (Australia) to 8.7% (Korea), sodium chloride-from 86.7% (China, summer) to 97% (Australia), insoluble matter in water-from 0.02% (Australia) to 0.18 (China), and sulfate ionfrom 0.03% (Australia) to 1.65% (China, summer). Judging by Korean Standard(KS) of salt, salt from Australia and Thailand belong to 1st grade, Korean and Chinese (winter) to 2nd grade, and China (summer) were out of 3rd grade. Ca and Mg content of the salts tested were 0.022% (Australia) to 0.246 (China, winter), 0.036% (Australia) to 0.841% (China, summer) respectively and Pb was 1.23 ppm(China, summer)~0.61ppm(Korea) which is within the Korean regulation. The other heavy metals, Pb, Cd, As and Hg were not detected in all salts tested. The quality of Kimchi prepared by those salts were significantly no difference with Korean sun dried salt.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.66-73
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• 2003

To investigate the availability of solidified wastes as resource, wastewater sludge, waste gypsum and fly ash were mixed and the results with various mixing ratios are as follows. Compressive strength turned out to be increasing as the amount of waste gypsum increases, keeps longer curing inhibition, and higher forming Pressure under the conditions of waste gypsum/sludge ratio 0.31-0.45, and 0.9kg cement as 15% and 1.2kg cement as 20% of total amount. Solidified agent under the fly ash/sludge ratio 0.45, 0.6, compressive strength seemed to be higher than standard one which means solidified wastes with these conditions could be applicable in real life. These results inform that concentrations of the leachate $Cr^{+6}$, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb solidified matrix, containing low concentration of heavy metal, were cured with/without enough time it still will cause adverse effect on nature environment and application of heavy metal sequester must be needed to reuse industrial wastes from incineration plant solidified matrix. Total cost price, when considering manufacturing capability of the facilities for resourcerizing as 18,000ton was presented 678,664,000 won, as it were, manufacturing cost price was 37,704 won per ton. The results as above has shown that it's possible to use the mixture of waste gypsum/sludge, fly ash/sludge, cement, additions, and solidification matter as substitute of materials like brick, block, interlocking which has proper compressive strength of KS L 5201 and KS F 4004.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.221-226
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• 1998

Ternary heavy metal oxide glasses in the $PbO-Bi_2O_3-Ga_2O_3$ system doped with $Er_2O_3$ were prepared and their spectroscopic properties, such as radiative transition probability, calculated and measured radiative lifetimes and cross-sections of 1.5 $\mu\textrm{m}$ and 2.7 $\mu\textrm{m}$ emissions were analyzed. Enhanced quantum efficiencies of some electronic transitions were evident mainly because of the low vibrational phonon energy ($~500cm^{-1}$) inherent in the host glasses. This seems to be the main reason for obtaining the 2.7 $\mu\textrm{m}$ luminescence which is normally quenched in the conventional oxide glasses. In addition, green and red fluorescence emissions were observed through the frequency upconversion processes of the 798 nm excitation. Non-radiative transition due to the multiphonon relaxation is a dominant lifetime-shortening mechanism in the 4f-4f transitions in $Er^{3+}$ ion except for the $^4S_{3/2}{\rightarrow}^4I_{15/2}$ transition where a non-radiative transfer to band-gap excitation of the host glasses is dominant. Melting of glasses under an inert gas atmosphere and (or) addition of the typical glass-network former into glasses is necessary in order to enhance the quantum efficiency of the transition.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.257-271
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• 2002

One of the main interests in relation to heavily contaminated gully-pot sediment in urban area is the short term mobility of heavy metals, which depends on the pH of acidic rainwater and on the buffering effects of carbonate minerals. The buffering effects of carbonates are determined by titration (acid addition). Leaching experiments are carried out in solutions with variable initial HN03 contents for 24h. The gully-pot sediment appears to be predominantly buffered by calcite and dolomite. In case of sediment samples, which highly contain carbonates, pH decreases more slowly with increasing acidity. On the other hand, for the sediment samples, which less contain carbonate minerals, pH rapidly drops until it reaches about 2 then it decreases slowly. The leaching reactions are delayed until more acid is added to compensate for the buffering effects of carbonates. The Zn, Cu, Pb and Mn concentrations of leachate rapidly increase with decreased pH, while Cd, Co, Ni, Cr and Fe dissolutions are very slow and limited. The solubility of heavy metals depends not only on thc pH values of leachatc but also on the speciation in which metals are associated with sediment particles. In slightly to moderately acid conditions, Zn, Cd, Co, Ni and Cu dissolutions become increasingly important. As deduced from leaching runs, the relative mobility of heavy metals at pH of 5 is found to be: Zn > Cd > Co > Ni > Cu » Pb > Cr, suggesting that moderately acid rainwater leach Zn, Cd, Co, Ni and Cu from thc contaminated gully-pot sediment, while Pb and Cr would remain fixed. The buffering effects of Ca- and Mg-carbonates play an important role in delaying as well as limiting the leaching reactions of heavy metals from highly contaminated gully-pot sediment. The extent of such a secondary environmental pollution will thus depends on how well the metals in sediment can be leached by somewhat acidic rain water. Changes in the physicochemical environments may result in the severe environmental pollution of heavy metals. These results are to be taken into account in the management of contaminated sediments during rainstorms.