• 한국응급구조학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.28-41
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to identify the change of perceptions related to E.M.T. profession of E.M.T. student and to provide the basic data for development of curriculum. The subjects of the survey were 216 students from 3 junior college by questionaire from November 25 to November 29, 1996 in Kwang-Ju, Cheong-Ju, and Kong-Ju. The results were analyzed using the SAS and can be summerized as follows : 1. The view on profession was a statistically significant difference inspecial knowledge & skill training (t=-1.686, P<.001), high income (t=-0.753, P<.05) 2. The view on competence as a E.M.T. was a statistically significant differncein sufficient professional knowledge on the E.M.T. (t=-1.144, P<.001), own's health (t=-0.808, P<.001), sincerity and responsibility (t=-1.429, P<.01), satisfaction and effort (t=-1.335, P<.01), boundary of affairs (t=-1.356, P<.01) 3. The view on E.M.T. profession was a statistically significant difference inprotect of pt. life & to relieve the pain (t=-2.388, P<.001) 4. The view on necessary knowledge of E.M.T. was a statistically significant difference in patient assessment (t=-2.168, P<.001), ACLS (t=1.678, P<.001), hemorrhage & shock (t=-3.252, P<.001), trauma (t=-4.284, P<.001), cardiopulmonary disturbance (t=-2.897, P<.001), acute abdomen (t=-4.284, P<.001), neonatal disease (t=-4.032, P<.001), OBGY disease(t=-4.151, P<.001), emergency delivery (t=-2.825, P<.001), infectious disease (t=-2.930, P<.001), environmental emergency (t=-3.123, P<.05), recording(t=2.22, P<.05) 5. The view on ideology of E.M.T. was a statistically significant difference in belief & faith (t=-2.344, P<.001), knowing of own (t=-2.142, P<.01), humanity (t=-2.581, P<.05), knowing of patient (t=-2.079, P<.05).

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.120-128
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• 2022

Printed circuit boards (PCBs) are a basic component in the electronics industry and are widely used in nearly all electronic products, such as mobile phones, tablet computers, and digital cameras, as well as in electric equipment. PCB manufacturing involves the use of many chemicals and chemical processes and therefore has more risks than other manufacturing sectors. This study aims to identify the causes of possible accidents during PCB manufacturing through risk assessment, develop and implement safety measures, and evaluate the effectiveness of these measures. Note that the safety measures developed to mitigate the risks of a certain process were also implemented for other similar processes. The risk assessments conducted over seven years, from 2015 to 2021, at a PCB manufacturing company identified 361 hazardous processes. Between 2016 and 2019, 41-56 hazardous processes were identified per year; such processes decreased to fewer than 20 per year after 2020. Application of the risk assessment results to the improvement of the hazardous processes with the similar characteristics seems to be effective in decreasing the risks. Equipment-related factors such as lack of appropriate maintenance, low work standards, and defective protection devices were responsible for 59.8% of all possible accidents. Because PCB manufacturing involves many chemicals, skin contact with hazardous substances, electric shock, fire, and explosion were the most common types of possible accidents (81.7%). In total, 505 safety measures were implemented, including 157 related to purchase and improvement of equipment and devices for safety (31.1%), 147 related to the installation/modification of fire prevention facilities (29.1%), and 69 related to the use of standard electrical appliances (13.7%). Risk assessment conducted after implementing the safety measures showed that these measures significantly decreased risk; 247 processes (68.4%) had a risk level of 3, corresponding to "very low," and 114 processes (31.6%) showed a risk level of 4, corresponding to "low." In particular, risk assessment of 104 processes with risk scores of 12 and 10 other processes with risk score of 16 showed that the risk decreased to 4 after implementing the safety measures. Thus, implementing these measures in similar manufacturing sectors that involve chemical processes can mitigate risk.

• 한국노년학
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.939-967
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 근거 이론적 접근을 통하여 농촌지역에 살고 있는 여성 노인의 사별적응을 살펴보고 확인하여 그에 대한 실체이론을 개발하고자 하였다. 연구의 참여자는 농촌노인의 배우자를 사별한 여성으로 배우자 상실 후 단독거주자로서 홀로 살고 있으며 배우자를 사별한지 12개월 미만이 되는 14명이었다. 수집기간은 2010년 1월부터 8개월간의 기간이 소요되었고, 인터뷰는 1회기 당 40분-90분까지 소요되었으며 현장메모를 동시에 기록하였고 녹음된 내용은 본 연구자가 직접 필사하였다. 연구 자료는 심층면담과 참여관찰 및 참여자를 돌보는 지역사회 담당간호사의 도움을 받아 수집하였다. 수집된 자료는 Strauss & Corbin(1998)의 근거이론방법을 적용하여 분석하였다. 연구결과 개방코딩 과정에서 80개의 개념과 28개의 하위범주, 12개의 범주가 도출되었으며, 배우자 사별 적응과정은 '울타리가 무너져 내림'의 인과적 조건과 '살아생전부부의 금실정도', '살아생전 부부의 주도권'의 맥락적 조건에 영향을 받아 나타나는 '홀로 여생을 감당해 나감'의 중심현상에 대한 '지원체계', '건강상태가 달라짐', '경제상황 정도'의 중재적 조건에 영향을 받으면서 '상황 끌어안기', '생활의 변화를 시도함'의 전략을 사용하여 '홀로 살아갈 길을 찾음'의 과정인 것으로 나타났다. 시간의 흐름에 따른 적응과정은 충격과 감정분출 단계, 그리움과 원망단계, 체념과 수용단계, 삶의 재구성단계의 4단계로 나타났다. 이상의 결과는 농촌여성의 배우자를 사별하고 살아가야하는 참여자들이 여러 맥락요인들의 영향을 조절하면서 중재전략을 적정하게 사용하여 삶에 적응할 수 있도록 하는 '홀로 살아갈 길을 찾음'의 과정 및 유형에 노인복지 중재의 방향을 제시하고 실질적인 실천적 복지중재를 개발하고 적응하는데 기초 자료를 제공하였다.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.827-833
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• 2023

방사선 촬영 조영제는 특수 조영을 필요로 하는 병원에서 인체 장기 및 특정한 부위 검사를 촬영할 때 흔히 쓰이고 있다. 특히 컴퓨터단층촬영(Computed Tomography CT) 조영제는 요오드(Iodine)라는 물질이 혼합되어 있는데 이것이 방사선의 에너지를 흡수하면서 방사선 영상 이미지에서 하얀색으로 보이게 되어 영상의 화질을 더욱 개선시킨다. 또한, 혈관에서 혈액과 같이 움직이는 CT 조영제는 근육 및 물과 확연히 구분을 시켜주고 있어 조영제를 병원에서 많이 사용하고 있다. 이러한 조영제는 엑스레이를 흡수하지만, 엑스레이를 흡수하기 위해서는 밀도가 높거나 방사선 흡수계수가 높아야 한다. 조영제가 혈관에 투입되기 때문에 밀도가 높으면 혈관에 무리가 가서 환자는 쇼크 상태가 오기 때문에 물과 비슷한 밀도를 맞춰야 하고 부작용에 대해 항상 신경을 써야한다. 또한, CT 조영제의 양을 환자의 체형에 따라 조절하면서 쓰고 남은 조영제를 폐기하는데 이것을 방사선 차폐재로 재활용을 할 수 있는 아이디어를 알아보고자 하였다. 조영제와 물을 혼합하는 방법에는 조영제 10%와 물 90%, 조영제 30%와 물 70%, 조영제 50%와 물 50%으로 3가지로 혼합하였다. CT 촬영은 광주광역시 U병원에서 GE사 4채널 CT를 사용하였으며 조영제와 물을 혼합하여 듀란병에 저장하였으며, 물 90%와 조영제 10% 혼합 액체의 밀도가 1.4 g/mL 정도일 때의 물질을 찾아보면 MYLAR라는 물질과 비슷한 것을 확인하였고, 물 70%와 조영제 30% 혼합 액체의 밀도가 1.76 g/mL일 때는 Polyvinylidene과 비슷한 물질인 것을 알 수 있었으며, 물 50%와 조영제 50%일 때 혼합 액체의 밀도는 2.3 g/mL일 때는 콘크리트(concrete) 밀도와 비슷한 밀도를 구성하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 본 실험의 결과를 통해서 물 50%와 조영제 50%를 혼합한 액체는 콘크리트 차폐와 비슷한 밀도를 가지고 방사선의 차폐가 가능하였다. 따라서 콘크리트 두께와 비교하여 조영제를 50% 이상 첨가한 두께를 이용한 차폐재를 만든다면 충분한 차폐재의 역할을 할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제9권
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• pp.432-552
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• 1996

The influence of the four noted physicians of Geum-Won era(金元代) on the completion of the medicine in the Chosun dynasty(朝鮮朝) can be summarized as follows. 1. The four noted physicians of Geum-Won era were Yoo-Wan-So(劉完素), Jang-Jong-Jung(張從正), Lee-Go(李杲), Ju-Jin-Heung(朱震亨). 2. Yoo-Wan-So(劉完索) made his theory on the basic of Nae-Kyung("內經") and Sane-Han-Lon("傷寒論"), his idea of medicine was characterized in his books, for exemple, application of O-Oon-Yuk-Ki(五運六氣), Ju-Wha theory(主火論) and hang-hae-seng-je theory(亢害承制論). from his theory and method of study, many deviations of oriental medicine occurred. He made an effort for study of Nae-Kyung, which had been depressed for many years, on the contrary of the way old study that Nae-Kyung had been only explained or revised, he applied the theory of Nae-Kyung to clinical care. The theory of Yuk-Gi-Byung-Gi(六氣病機) and On-Yeul-Byung(溫熱病) had much influenced on his students and posterities, not to mention Jang-Ja-Wha and Ju-Jin-Heung, who were among the four noted physicians therefore he became the father of Yuk-Gi(六氣) and On-Yeul(溫熱) schools. 3. Jang-Jong-Jung(張從正) emulated Yoo-Wan-So as a model, and followed his Yuk-Gi-Chi-Byung(六氣致病) theory, but he insisted on the use of the chiaphoretic, the emetic and the paregoric to get rid of the causes, specially he insisted on the use of the paregoric, so they called him Gong-Ha-Pa(攻下派). He insisted on the theory that if we would strenthen ourselves we should use food, id get rid of cause, should use the paregoric, emetic and diaphoretic. Jang-Jong-Jung'S Gang-Sim-Wha(降心火) theory, which he improved Yoo-Wan-So's Han-Ryang(寒凉) theory influenced to originate Ju-Jin-Heung'S Ja-Eum-Gang-Wha(滋陰降火) theory. 4. Lee-Go(李杲) insisted on the theory that Bi-Wi(脾胃) played a loading role in the physiological function and pathological change, and that the internal disease was originated by the need of Gi(氣) came from the disorder of digestive organs, and that the causes of internal disease were the irregular meal, the overwork, and mental shock. Lee-Go made an effort for study about the struggle of Jung-Sa(正邪) and in the theory of the prescription he asserted the method of Seung-Yang-Bo-Gi(升陽補氣), but he also used the method of Go-Han-Gang-Wha(苦寒降火). 5. The authors of Eui-Hak-Jung-Jun("醫學正傳"), Eui-Hak-Ib-Moon("醫學入門"), and Man-Byung-Whoi-Choon("萬病回春") analyzed the medical theory of the four noted physicians and added their own experiences. They helped organizing existing complicated theories of the four noted physicians imported in our country, and affected the formation of medical science in the Choson dynasty largely. Eui-Hak-Jung-Jun("醫學正傳") was written by Woo-Dan(虞槫), in this book, he quoted the theories of Yoo-Wan-So, Jang-Jong-Jung, Lee-Go, Ju-Jin-Heung, especially, Ju-Jin-Heung was respected by him, it affected the writing of Eui-Lim-Choal-Yo("醫林撮要"). Eui-Hak-ib-Moon("醫學入門"), written by Lee-Chun(李杲), followed the medical science of Lee-Go and ju-jin-heung from the four noted physicians of Geum-Won era. Its characteristics of Taoism, idea of caring of health, and organization affected Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham("東醫寶鑑"). Gong-Jung-Hyun(龔延賢) wrote Man-Byung-Whoi-Choon("萬病回春") using the best part of the theories of Yoo-Wan-So, Jang-Jong-Jung, Lee-Go, Ju-Jin-Heung, this book affected Dong-Eui-Soo-Se-Bo-Won("東醫壽世保元") partly. 6. our medical science was developed from the experience of the treatment of disease obtained from human life, these medical knowledge was arranged and organized in Hyang-Yak-Jib-Sung-Bang("鄕藥集成方"), medical books imported from China was organized in Eui-Bang-Yoo-Chwi("醫方類聚"), which formed the base of medical development in the Chosun dynasty. 7. Eui-Lim-Choal-Yo("醫林撮要") was written by Jung-Kyung-Sun(鄭敬先) and revised by Yang-Yui-Soo(楊禮壽). It was written on the base of Woo-Dan's Eui-Jung-Jun, which compiled the medical science of the four noted physicians of Geum-Won era. It contained confusing theories of the four noted physicians of Geum-Won era and organized medical books of Myung era, therefore it completed the basic form of Byun-Geung-Non-Chi (辨證論治) influenced the writing of Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham("東醫寶鑑"). 8. Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham("東醫寶鑑") was written on the base of basic theory of Eum-Yang-O-Haeng(陰陽五行) and the theory of respondence of heaven and man(天人相應說) in Nae-Kyung. It contained several theories and knowledge, such as the theory of Essence(精), vitalforce(氣), and spirit(神) of Taoism, medical science of geum-won era, our original medical knowledge and experience. It had established the basic organization of our medical science and completed the Byun-Geung-Non-Chi (辨證論治). Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham developed medical science from simple medical treatment to protective medical science by caring of health. And it also discussed human cultivation and Huh-Joon's(許浚) own view of human life through the book. Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham adopted most part of Lee-Go(李杲) and Ju-Jin-Heung's(朱震亨) theory and new theory of "The kidney is the basis of apriority. The spleen is the basis of posterior", so it emphasized the role of spleen and kidney(脾腎) for Jang-Boo-Byung-Gi(臟腑病機). It contained Ju-Jin-Heung's theory of the cause and treatment of disease by colour or fatness of man(black or white, fat or thin). It also contained Ju-Jin-Heung's theory of "phlegm break out fever, fever break out palsy"(痰生熱 熱生風) and the theory of Sang-Wha(相火論). Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham contained Lee-Go's theory of Wha-Yu-Won-Bool-Yang-Lib (火與元氣不兩立論) quoted the theory of Bi-Wi(脾胃論) and the theory of Nae-Oi-Sang-Byun(內外傷辨). For the use of medicine, it followed the theory by Lee-Go. lt used Yoo-Wan-So'S theory of Oh-Gi-Kwa-Keug-Gae-Wi-Yul-Byung(五志過極皆爲熱病) for the treatment of hurt-spirit(傷神) because fever was considered as the cause of disease. It also used Jang-Jons-Jung's theory of Saeng-Keug-Je-Seung(生克制勝) for the treatment of mental disease. 9. Lee-je-ma's Dong-Eui-Soo-Se-Bo-Won("東醫壽世保元") adopted medical theories of Song-Won-Myung era and analyzed these theories using the physical constitutional theory of Sa-Sang-In(四象人). It added Dong-Mu's main idea to complete the theory and clinics of Sa-Sang-Eui-Hak(四象醫學). Lee-Je-Ma didn't quote the four noted physicians of Geum-Won era to discuss that the physical constitutional theory of disease and medicine from Tae-Eum-In(太陰人), So-Yang-In(少陽人), So-Eum-In(少陰人), and Tae-Yang-In(太陽人) was invented from their theories.

• 모자간호학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.41-51
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• 1994

The purposes of this study were to identify responses of nursing students following clinical maternity nursing practice, to develop data of further effective clinical maternity nursing practice, to understand nursing students perceive the natural maturation process toward pregnancy delivery and puerperal process, to help the nursing students achieve personality growth and development through clinical maternity nursing practice. The subjects were 35 senior nursing students from the Department of Nursing Science of Chung-Ang University. The data were collected from the 1st semester (Feb.22$\sim$June 9) to the 2nd semester(Aug.23$\sim$Nov.10), 1993 through self-reporting using an open ended questionnaire about perception and feelings regarding the normal delivery process. The data analysis used descriptive method. Results of the study were as follows : 1. Following clinical practice in maternity nursing, the responses of the nursing students were collected included both positive and negative aspects. The positive responses were classified in to four categories and each category included subgroups. One group, labelled as $\ulcorner$The birth of noble life$\lrcorner$ had a subgroup, (I felt the mystery and wonder of life), another group, $\ulcorner$After delivery, comfort and satisfaction$\lrcorner$ with the subgroup (I can bear to see the comfort and relief beyond pain) (C/S is better than vaginal delivery) (Very easy), the 3rd group, $\ulcorner$ I realized family friendship and support$\lrcorner$ with subgroup (Honorable, Magnificient) (I thank my parents ) (It's good to looking at my husband's support), and the 4th group, $\ulcorner$The birth of a healthy baby$\lrcorner$, with its subgroup, (baby looks pretty and healthy). 2. The negative responses were classified in eight categories and each category included subgroups. One group labelled as $\ulcorner$Fear$\lrcorner$, had subgroups of (Terrible, Horrible) (Shock) (Dread), another group, $\ulcorner$Tension$\lrcorner$, and its subgroup, (I became tense about stories heard before clinical practice), the 3rd group, $\ulcorner$surprise$\lrcorner$ and its subgroup (I was surprised at the delivery process), the 4th group, $\ulcorner$Power lessness$\lrcorner$ and its subgroup, (I watched the labor pain impatiently), the 5th group $\ulcorner$Apathy$\lrcorner$ ; and its subgroup, (I didn't feel the empathy for the labor pain of the pregnant women), the 6th group, $\ulcorner$Disgust$\lrcorner$ and its subgroup, (Disgust, Embarrassed), the 7th group, $\ulcorner$Inevitable destiny$\lrcorner$ and its subgroups (necessity of self-sacrifice and difficulty) (I accepted it as a women's destiny) (I can't do it), the last group, $\ulcorner$There seems to be trouble$\lrcorner$ and its subgroup, (It seems to have been a little too hard for mother and baby). Suggestions for further studies are as follows : 1. Nursing students should receive intensive education about $\ulcorner$The birth of noble life$\lrcorner$ $\ulcorner$After delivery, comfort and satisfaction$\lrcorner$ $\ulcorner$I realized family friendship and support$\lrcorner$ $\ulcorner$The birth of a healthy baby$\lrcorner$, so that a more positive attitude can be developed before clinical maternity nursing. 2. Nursing students should be given an orientation which is reality based and related clinical maternity nursing (using for A.V. Materials), so that they will not feel they tension, of the negative categories. 3. Nursing students should be received articles on Pain Relief Method, so that they will be prepared activie and positive in the clinical practice, and therefore they will not feel the powerlessness, of the negative categories. 4. F/U for responses of nursing students should be checked following clinical maternity nursing to evaluate the effects of the instruction.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.482-489
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• 2012

부화 초기의 육계 병아리에게 천화분추출물을 급여한 후, LPS 처리에 의한 염증유도로 천화분추출물이 염증반응에 미치는 영향을 검토했다. 각 처리군 별 혈장 ceruloplasmin 및 ${\alpha}$-산성단백 농도의 경시적 변동경향은 전 처리군 동일하게 LPS 처리 후 증가하였다. 그러나 각 처리군 별 농도는 LPS 처리 후 3h, 9h 및 24h째 모두에서 천화분 추출물의 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 혈장 일산화질소 농도는 전 처리군 모두가 LPS 처리 후, 3h째에 급격하게 증가하였다. 각 처리군 별 수치는 LPS 처리 후, 3h 및 9h째 모두에서 천화분 추출물의 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 하락했다. LPS 처리 후, 간장 내의 IL-2 mRNA량은 모든 처리군들이 동일하게 2h째에 급격한 증가 현상을 보였다가, 그 후 점진적으로 하락하여 9h째에는 LPS처리 전 수준으로 회복했다. 각 처리군 별 경시적 변동 경향은 LPS 처리 후, 2h, 3h 및 4h째에서 천화분 첨가군 모두가 대조군보다 낮은 값을 보였다. LPS 처리 후, 비장 내의 IL-2 mRNA 량은 모든 처리군 들이 4h째에서 가장 높은 수치를 보였다. 처리군 별 변동 값은 천화분 0.2% 및 0.3%첨가군들이 LPS 처리 후, 3h 및 4h에서 대조군과 0.1% 천화분 첨가군들보다 높은 수치를 나타내었다. LPS 처리 후, 간장 및 비장내의 IFN-${\gamma}$ mRNA량은 모든 처리군들이 LPS 처리 후, 2h 및 3h째까지 증가하였으나, 4h에서 하락하여, 9h째에서는 LPS 처리 전 수준으로 하락했다. 그러나 각 처리군별 경시적 변동치는 최고치를 나타낸 LPS 처리 후 2h 및 3h에서, 천화분 추출물 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 하락하였다. LPS 처리 후, 간장 및 비장 내의 iNOS mRNA량은 전 처리군이 3h째에서 가장 높은 수치를 나타내었으며, 9h째에서 LPS 처리 전 수준으로 회복되었다. 처리군별 2h째, 3h째 및 4h째의 수치는 천화분 추출물 첨가군이 대조군보다 낮은 수치를 나타내었다.