• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.109-129
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was the acquisition of the optimum scale of the apportionment of standard & high-class bed for the maximum profit representative of the desire of customers in a General Hospital with 1,100 beds located in Seoul. This investigation was proceeded by the analysis of the result of the simulation with the survey of both the patients' needs for bed and the degree of the medical service by the grade of the ward. And finally the consequence was obtained as follows: 1. The result of the investigation of the inpatients' preference for the grade of ward classes shows that a private ward reflected 4.3 percent, a semi-private ward 1.7 percent, a three-bed ward 0.1 percent, and a ward with six beds 93.9 percent each other. 2. A questionnaire poll was paralleled of service terms of a medical doctor and a nurse by ward class, the data were used for the standard of the allotment of labor cost by the ward class. The poll shows that the service tenn of a medical doctor and a nurse based on a ward with six beds by ward class showed 1.7 times in internal medicine and 1.9 times in surgery at a private ward; 1.4 times in internal medicine and 1.7 times in surgery at a semi-private room; and 1.2 times both in internal medicine and in surgery at a three-bed ward 3. The resultant findings revealed the most profit per bed and per patient in a private ward. However, an analysis of profit with a standard of unit area by ward class represented a higher profit in both the internal medicine and the surgery semi-private ward than other ward classes. 4. The result of the analysis through simulation based on the data of the prime cost per the ward class proved the optimum scale of the distribution of beds by class as follows: sixteen beds of the internal medicine and twenty three beds of the surgery in the private ward; two hundreds and two of the internal medicine and one hundred and ninety eight of the surgery in the semi-private room; three of both the internal medicine and the surgery each other in the three-bed ward; one hundred and ninety eight of the internal medicine and two hundred and fifty two of the surgery in the ward with six beds. The result of this research exhibits that the income and expenditure of the hospital could be improved by changing parts of wards into private ones(containing the maximum profit per a unit of width) in case the scale of the number of beds is reset with the consideration of the profit per the unit width. In the near future it's strongly expected that the research for the more scientific standard of the allotment of labour cost by ward class and for definition of the optimum scale of the number of beds that actualize the maximum profit with the change of the three elements of the prime cost: cost of materials; labor costs; management expenses.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.21-30
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• 2017

This study investigated the total annual direct cost of cerebrovascular disease patients. For this study, 265 respondents who answered that they used more than one emergency, inpatient, and outpatient services for cerebrovascular disease during the year of 2012 among Korean medical panel investigators in 2012 were included. In general, patients with cerebrovascular disease responded to cerebrovascular disease among Korean medical panel respondents in 2012. Percentage of respondents using inpatient and outpatient services. Total direct cost was calculated. According to the results of the study, the per capita annual medical expenditure per person is about 561,934 won, 669,557 won for men and 448,696 won for women. In the case of health insurance subscribers, the per capita self burden due to cerebrovascular disease averaged 634,459 won and the medical benefit recipients 160,236 won. The average total direct cost of 265 people with cerebrovascular disease is about 162,165,690, 193,223,955 won for men and 129,486,685 for women. The total direct cost per person due to cerebrovascular disease was 183,095,125 won and the medical benefit recipient was 46,241,705 won. According to household income, the highest rate of 672,268 won in the third income group of the household income, and 108,970,650 won in the fifth income group, the lowest total direct cost of the patients with cerebrovascular disease.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.599-611
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of food behavior on dietary food intake status and health condition based on research of food behavior and nutritional intake status of university students in the Chungnam area. The average age, height, and weight of the subject group were 22.1 years old, 174.2 cm, and 67.0 kg for the male students and 20.9 years old, 161.8 cm, and 53.4 kg for the female students, respectively. From the nutritional intake status data, the averaged daily energy intake of both groups, male and female, are lower than the dietary reference intake(KDRI), as 2,169.2 kcal and 1,846.2 kcal, males and females, respectively. The lipid intake ratio was higher than the dietary reference figure, and the carbohydrate intake ratio was determined to be in the proper range. Male students(54.6%) and female students(52.0%) of the entire subject group skipped a breakfast mainly due to insufficient time, and the time at which meals were consumed, was determined to be irregular generally. In a day, male and female students have a heavier dinner than lunch(p<0.05), respectively. Meat and fishes are preferred by the entire subject group, and the number of students, who do not eat carrot and mayonnaise(p<0.05), was determined to be the highest, of all foods surveyed. The averaged daily activity coefficient and the resting energy expenditure shows significant difference(p<0.001) between two groups; was 1.7 and 1.6 and the second was 1,404.3 kcal/day and 1,292.5 kcal/day for the male and female groups, respectively. As the number of attempting to reduce body weight(p<0.001), the amount smoking(p<0.001), or the frequency of drinking alcohol increases, BMI decreases. On the other hand, as body shape satisfaction increases, BMI increases also.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.39
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• pp.157-179
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• 1999

This study is an empirical research to analyze how many private income transfers in Korea decrease poverty rate, to compare the effects of private income transfers' decreasing poverty rate with income classes. This study has utilised the Family Income and Expenditure Survey to estimate the poverty ratio in urban areas and Unemployment Household Survey which Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs has investigated at 1998. Majour findins are these. First, Sizes of private transfers incomes are much than that of public transfers incomes. The rates in receiving private transfers income are ten times higher than that in receiving public transfers income among urban worker's household. The mean of private transfer income are about six times larger than that of public transfer income among urban worker's household. Second, the effects of private income transfers' reducing poverty rates are not large. After private transfers, urbarn workers' households are about 10 per cent away from its poverty line, and unemploy households are only 3 per cent away from its poverty line. Third, especially, private income transfers are hardly reducing poverty rates among extreme poverty class. After private transfers, urban workers' households which their incomes are within low 5%, are not away from its poverty line at all.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.63 no.1
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• pp.61-68
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• 1984

The oak-mushroom is one of the special minor products utilizing hardwoods, such as oaks in the mountaineous villages, as a food for health and export in Korea. However, oak-mushroom farmers have been faced the problems such as small cultivation scale, unskilled technique of production, management of cultivation, and low productivity. It is now a turning point presenting the optimum and reasonable management techniques to increase the productivity with consideration of balanced income and expenditure. This report analyzed the investment effectiveness of cultivation. The financial rate of return (FRR) of oak-mushroom cultivation is as high as 10.3 percent compared with that of other farmings. Moreover, the FRR remarkably increased with increased cultivation scales. The FRR could be highly improved if the price of both mushroom-logs and dried mushroom products, is stable and the cultivation techniques for higher productivity are developed. The policy providing the constant price of raw materials and mushroom products, and new advanced cultivation techniques enable the enhancement of investment for the oak-mushroom cultivation.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.241-253
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between demographic characteristics and conscious behavior of 287 workers. The results of the study are as follows: The participants of the study were composed of 139 males $(48.4\%)$ and 148 females $(51.6\%)$. 75 workers are 25 years old or younger $(26.1\%)$. Regarding the frequency of eating out, 211 workers $(73.6\%)$ answered that they had eating out ever once a week. Males ate out more frequently than females (p<0.001). The motives for eating out was mostly for meals. This response was more frequent for female than male. To the contrary, more males answered that they ate out for the purpose of social intercourse. As the level of average monthly income increases, the purpose of eating out changed from the purpose of meals to the purpose of social intercourse (p<0.001). For cost of eating out, the older workers and those who had higher monthly income spent significantly more expenditure. However gender difference didn't make any significant difference in the eating out expenses per person. The average monthly eating out expenses were significantly higher for female than male, for the order workers than the younger, for the married than the single, and for those who have higher monthly income than lower. However, the expenses were not significantly different in occupation. Regarding the types of restaurants that the workers preferred for eating out, the most workers preferred Korean restaurant. The types of restaurants that workers preferred significantly related to all the demographic characteristics (p<0.01). In general, participants had eating out with their family. However, younger, single, and low income workers seemed to more eat out with their friends. The most preferred menu was pork dishes. Male rather than female, the married rather than the single, and those who have a professional occupation appeared to like it more. It is necessary to research the major customers' demographic characteristics and their preferences, and then to develop new goods which fit to the customers before entering the restaurant business. It may be concluded that it should be important to develop nutritious, safe, and delicious foods.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.322-333
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• 2018

This study was carried out to measure atmospheric environmental improvement effect and estimate its social benefit of thermal power plants through Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for quantitative analysis about operational performances of EIA. In this study, 'EIA outcome' is defined as whether or not the system is implemented, therefore, environmental standard to be followed by each project and consultation contents were compared. In total 60 cases of thermal power plant construction projects that have been consulted over the past 10 years since 2010, major air pollutants have been significantly reduced after the implementation of EIA. The $PM_{10}$ reduced annual 3,745 tons, $NO_2$ by 74,569 tons, and $SO_2$ by 37,647 tons, which were estimated at approximately 240 billion won~5 trillion 967 billion won per year for social benefit. This means the total cost of power plant operations will be cut to 7 trillion 192 billion won~178 trillion 994 billion won over a 30-year period. The reduced amount of air pollutants emitted by energy generation facilities across the country is worth 50%, and its economic value is larger than the annual Current Health Expenditure in Korea. This is meant by the fact that all projects are subject to uniform criteria under the existing relevant regulation, but that each project plans are optimized according to the characteristics of target areas and projects through the process of EIA.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.365-374
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• 2015

The goal of this study was 1) to compare the physical activity between the normal(NO) and obese (OB) group at baseline and 2) to investigate responses of the physical activity to a 24-week walking exercise program in both groups. A total of 29 middle-aged women was classified NO and OB group based on the BMI($25kg/m^2$). Walking exercise was designed to energy expenditure of 500 kcal per day, with a frequence of 3 days per week for 24 weeks. Body composition(Weight, BMI, BF(%), Hip, WHR) were measured at the baseline and after the walking exercise program(24 week). Physical activity were measured during 24 week for wellness convergence in the digital age. In conclusion, the current findings of this study indicate that 1) physical activity is not difference in both groups at baseline 2) 24-week walking exercise program is an effective means of improving physical activity in both NO and OB groups.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.99-129
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• 2014

This research estimates the impact of population aging on energy use and carbon emissions by energy sources and by industrial sectors in Korea until 2035. For the estimation, the structural change in household consumption expenditure identified by the age-specific consumption pattern was analyzed in conjunction with energy and environment input-output tables. The estimation result presents that, despite the population aging, energy use and carbon emissions induced by household consumption continue to increase until 2026, and then that elevated levels of energy use and carbon emissions will be maintained for a considerable period of time. According to the estimation by energy sources, the use of natural gas will show substantial increase while the use of crude oil will switch to a downturn at a relatively early period. According to the estimation by industrial sectors, carbon emissions in the sectors with relatively high consumption share of old households such as medical health, dwelling, lighting, heating, air-conditioning, and food will have substantial increase, whereas those in the sectors associated with education, transport, catering, and accommodation services will turn downward relatively early. In addition, the study analyzes through policy simulation the impact of aging-related policy similar to the basic pension system, which is recently being discussed for legislation, on energy use and carbon emissions.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.553-559
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• 2015

Research on micro-level assessment of the changes of socio-economic status following health interventions is very scarce. The use of household asset data to determine wealth indices is a common procedure for estimating socio-economic position in resource poor settings. In such settings information about income is usually lacking, and the collection of individual consumption or expenditure data would require in-depth interviews, posing a considerable risk of bias. In this study, we determined the socio-economic status of 213 households in a community population in an island in the north-western Tanzania before and 3 year after implementation of a participatory hygiene and sanitation transformation (PHAST) intervention to control schistosomiasis and intestinal worm infections. We constructed a household 'wealth index' based housing construction features (e.g., type of roof, walls, and floor) and durable assets ownership (e.g., bicycle, radio, etc.). We employed principal components analysis and classified households into wealth quintiles. The study revealed that asset variables with positive factor scores were associated with higher socio-economic status, whereas asset variables with negative factor scores were associated with lower socio-economic status. Overall, households which were rated as the poorest and very poor were on the decrease, whereas those rated as poor, less poor, and the least poor were on the increase after PHAST intervention. This decrease/increase was significant. The median shifted from -0.4376677 to 0.5001073, and the mean from -0.2605787 (SD; 2.005688) to 0.2605787 (SD; 1.831199). The difference in socio-economic status of the people between the 2 phases was highly statistically significant (P<0.001). We argue that finding of this study should be treated with caution as there were other interventions to control schistosomiasis and intestinal worm infections which were running concurrently on Kome Island apart from PHAST intervention.