• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.357-365
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• 2009

On the purpose to improve the milling efficiency as well as head-rice percentage after milling, an experiment to improve the removal ability of immature kernels in the immature brown rice separator (IBRS) was performed focused on varietal characteristics. The removal ability of immature grains by the IBRS was absolutely depending on kernel thickness of brown rice. The kernel thickness of the tested rice varieties distributed from 1.79 mm in Nonganbyeo to 2.16 mm in Daeribbyeo 1. Although there were some variation among rice varieties, it was roughly suggested that the suitable sieve-slit widths for good separation of the immature kernels were 1.9 mm for the varieties thicker than 2.08 mm in thickness, 1.8 mm for the varieties with 2.00-2.08 mm thickness, 1.7 mm for the varieties with 1.90-2.00 mm thickness, and 1.60-1.65 mm for the varieties thinner than 1.7 mm. It was found out that the higher the proportions of immature kernels in brown rice, the more conspicuous the improvement of milling efficiency as well as head rice rates by their removals. With increasing the sieve slit-widths beyond an optimum range, the losses of mature grains increased sharply. For effective separation of immature kernels, it was suggested that the optimum sieve-slit width should be set up depending on both of the kernel thickness and the critical loss limit of mature kernel.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.169-178
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• 2001

This paper is intended to survey the literature about Shamanistic and Buddhistic memorial services and to examine the food culture manifested in them. In Shamanistic rituals, fish and meat were not prohibited except in special cases whereas Buddhism Prohibited fish and meat. For Shamanistic rituals, rice cake, cooked rice, liquor and the walleye pollack were commonly used. Besides there were such important offerings as a boiled pork head, chestnuts, jujube and persimmons (dried persimmons) . For Buddhistic memorial services, such foods as cooked rice, soup, cooked pot-herbs, saute, rice cake, confectionary (or candies), chestnuts and jujubes, were dedicated such offerings as cooked rice, rice cake, cooked pot-herbs and fruits were commonly used for both Shamanistic and Buddhistic memorial rites. Particular fruits were not prohibited in either case. Buddhistic rites in particular offered such foreign fruits as pineapples, kiwi and oranges, which showed that the foods of Buddhistic memorial services reflected the popular foods of the day more than those of Shamanistic ones. Water (Jung-hwa-su) brought from the well at daybreak for Buddistic memorial rites came from Shamanism, where as oil-and-honey pastry (Yu-gwa) used for Shamanistic rites came from Buddhism, which showed that the offerings of Buddhistic memorial services and Shamanistic ones were influenced by each other.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.130-136
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• 2006

Growth and quality of rice are affected by various factors including the location of cultivation. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of altitudinal locations on the growth and yield-related components of rice. Nineteen Japonica type varieties were grown at Iksan (altitude, 10 m), Imsil (altitude, 150 m), Jinan (altitude, 275 m) and Jangsu (altitude, 430 m) at a similar latitude in Jeonbuk province in the south western Korea. Minimum air temperature showed a strong negative correlation with altitude. The morphological traits and yield-and quality-related components were analyzed. Longer days to heading was required at higher altitudes. However, culm length, panicle length, panicle number, grain number and rice yield were reduced at higher altitudes. Protein content of brown rice increased but fatty acid content decreased at higher altitudes. Amylose content was affected by neither the altitude nor the ecotype. Palatability of polished rice tends to be improved at higher altitudes and in early-maturing ecotypes but its relationships with altitude and ecotype were not significant. Head rice ratio was lower at higher altitudes but broken rice ratio vise versa. These results indicate that growth and quality of rice are affected significantly by changes in temperatures at the locations of different altitude. Also, the characters related to yield and quality of rice often respond incompatibly to the changes in altitudes. These results could provide valuable information for the strategic planning of rice production in geographically diverse areas.

• SUVANNABHUMI
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.91-122
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• 2017

Before the start of the North Borneo Company administration in North Borneo (now Sabah, Malaysia) in 1882, the Timugon Murut of today's interior Tenom District lived in longhouses, and practiced head-hunting during wars with other Murutic ethnic groups. Their economy revolved around swidden agriculture of hill rice, sago, and cassava. Wet rice cultivation and water buffaloes were introduced just before 1885. Wet rice was planted on the alluvial plains around the Pegalan and Padas Rivers, while dry rice was planted on hillside swiddens that had been cleared by slash-and-burn methods. Today, wet rice cultivation and cash-cropping on the plains are the main Timugon socioeconomic activities, while some families also plant dry rice on the hills as a back-up. The Timugon believe that the physical world is surrounded by the spiritual world, and everything was made by the creator Aki Kapuuno'. The focus of this field research paper is on the beliefs and ritual practices of the Timugon connected to their traditional rice agriculture. This study found that for generations, the Timugon believed that since animals were created by Aki Kapuuno' for the wellbeing of humans, various types of animals and birds convey omens to guide people. Thus, the older Timugon rice cultivation is strongly influenced by good and bad omens and taboos, and also involves symbolic practices and ritual offerings to guardian spirits of the rice. After the 1930s and especially since the 1960s, most Timugon became Roman Catholic Christians. Hence, this paper also examines changes in the traditional Timugon rice cultivation related beliefs and practices due to religious conversion and other factors.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.1383-1389
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• 2004

The nutritive value and utilization of whole crop rice silage (WCRS), Hamasari, at yellow mature stage was determined by three studies. In first study, chemical composition, in vivo digestibility and metabolizable energy (ME) content of WCRS was determined by Holstein steers. WCRS contains 6.23% CP, its digestibility is 48.4% and estimated TDN is 56.4%. Its ME content was 1.91 Mcal/kg DM. Gross energy (GE) retention (% of GE intake) in steers is only 22.7% most of which was lost through feces (44.7% of GE intake). It takes 81 minutes to chew a kg of WCRS by steers. In another study, the effect of Hamasari at yellow mature stage at three stages of lactation (early, mid and late lactation) and two levels of concentrate (40 or 60%) on voluntary intake, ME content and ME intake, milk yield and composition using lactating Holstein dairy cows were investigated. Total intake increased with the concentrate level in early and mid lactation, but was similar irrespective of concentrate level in late lactation. WCRS intake was higher with 40% concentrate level than with 60% concentrate. ME intake by cows increased with the concentrate level and WCRS in early lactating cows with 40% concentrate can support only 90% of the ME requirement. Milk production in accordance with ME intake increased with the increase in concentrate level in early and mid lactating cows but was similar in late lactating cows irrespective of concentrate level. Fat and protein percent of milk in mid and late lactating cows were higher with for 60% concentrate than 40%, but reverse was in early lactating cows. Solids-not-fat was higher with for 60% concentrate than 40% concentrate. Finally in situ degradability of botanical fractions such as leaf, stem, head and whole WCRS, Hamasari at yellow mature stage was incubated from 0 to 96 h in Holstein steers to determine DM and N degradability characteristics of botanical fractions and whole WCRS. Both DM and N solubility, rate of degradation and effective degradability of leaf of silage was lower, but slowly degradable fraction was higher compared to stem and head. Solubility of DM and N of stem was higher than other fractions. The 48 h degradability, effective degradability and rate of degradation of leaf were always lower than stem or head. In conclusion, voluntary intake of silage ranged from 5 to 12 kg/d and was higher with low levels of concentrate, but milk yield was higher with high levels of concentrate. Fat corrected milk yield ranged from 19 to 37 kg per day. For consistency of milk, early lactating cows should not be allowed more than 40% whole crop rice silage in the diet, but late lactating cows may be allowed 60% whole crop rice silage.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.10-16
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• 2007

The slug test by adding water to well and measuring falling head was conducted to investigate the hydrogeological property of unsaturated or partially saturated mine tailings in the Imgi abandoned mine in Busan. In case that wells were installed with a full screen through two layers with different hydraulic properties, Bouwer and Rice method was useful to estimate the hydraulic conductivity and the depth of mine tailings. In particular, when groundwater dried out in the dry season, the slug test performed by adding water into well to form artificial water table and then conducting falling head test produced the reasonable hydraulic conductivity values. The slug test using falling head test can be an alternative to investigate the hydrogeological property of abandoned mine tailings.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.213-216
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• 2010

This study was carried out between November 2008 and October 2009 in the experimental farm of Chunnam National University to investigate the effect of feeding of Sudangrass silage on the reproductive performance of Hanwoo cows. Two diets, rice straw or Sudangrass silage separately from concentrate were fed 19 Hanwoo cows. In control group (=CON), cows (n=9) were fed 5 kg (/head) rice straw and 3 kg (/head) commercial diet. In Sudangrass silage group (=SGS), cows (n=10) were fed 12.5 kg (/head) Sudangrass silage and 1 kg (/head) commercial diet. 1. Days to post-partum insemination were $78.8{\pm}25.3$ days for CON and $84.7{\pm}24.6$ days for SGS group and days to post-partum conception in CON or SGS were $90.1{\pm}24.1$ and $87.7{\pm}26.8$ days, respectively. 2. Post-partum conception rates for first service in CON or SGS was 66.7% and 90.0%, respectively, and caving interval was $375.1{\pm}46.7$ days for CON and $370.2{\pm}34.4$ days for SGS group. 3. Body Condition Scores of Hanwoo cows at artificial insemination was 5.36 for CON group and 4.93 for SGS group.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.179-182
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• 2009

This study was carried out between November 2007 and October 2008 in the experimental farm of Chunnam National University to investigate the effect of feeding of whole crop barley silage on the reproductive performance of Hanwoo heifers and cows. Two diets, rice straw or whole crop barley silage separately from concentrate were fed 11 Hanwoo heifers and 26 Hanwoo cows. In control group (=CON), heifers (n=6) and cows (n=13) were fed 7 kg (/head) rice straw and 4 kg (/head) commercial diet. In whole crop barley silage group (=WBG), heifers (n=5) and cows (n=13) were fed 8 kg (/head) whole crop barley silage and 1 kg (/head) commercial diet. 1. Conception rates for first service in CON or WBG heifers were 66.7% (4/6) and 60.0% (3/5), respectively, and the services per conception cows were $1.5{\pm}0.2$ for CON and $1.4{\pm}0.2$ for WBG group. 2. Days to post-partum insemination were $106.6{\pm}26.3$ days for CON and $85.6{\pm}12.6$ days for WBG group, and days to post-partum conception in CON or WBG were $128.4{\pm}27.1$ and $96.8{\pm}16.8$ days, respectively. 3. Post-partum conception rates for first service in CON or WBG were 76.9% (10/13) and 84.6% (11/13), respectively, and caving interval was $418{\pm}50.7$ days for CON and $392.8{\pm}20.7$ days for WBG group.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.182-189
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• 2016

Together with the Fusarium graminearum species complex, F. culmorum is a major member of the causal agents of Fusarium head blight on cereals such as wheat, barley and corn. It causes significant yield and quality losses and results in the contamination of grain with mycotoxins that are harmful to humans and animals. In Korea, F. culmorum is listed as a quarantine fungal species since it has yet to be found in the country. In this paper, we report that two isolates (J1 and J2) of F. culmorum were collected from the air at a rice paddy field in Korea. Species identification was confirmed by phylogenetic analysis using multilocus sequence data derived from five genes encoding translation elongation factor, histone H3, phosphate permease, a reductase, and an ammonia ligase and by morphological comparison with reference strains. Both diagnostic PCR and chemical analysis confirmed that these F. culmorum isolates had the capacity to produce nivalenol, the trichothecene mycotoxin, in rice substrate. In addition, both isolates were pathogenic on wheat heads and corn stalks. This is the first report on the occurrence of F. culmorum in Korea.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.10-18
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• 2015

Purpose: The study was conducted to investigate the proper working conditions like the mesh size of the concave and the chaffer angle of the oscillating sieve, and the fan speed of the head-feeding rice combine for foxtail millet harvesting. Methods: The study aimed to determine the harvesting conditions for the rice combine harvester at a 0.5 m/s working speed and at $40^{\circ}$ and $55^{\circ}$ sieve chaffer angles. The harvesting loss of the foxtail millet based on the speed of the fan and the oscillating speed of the sieve was measured at three levels of fan speed and oscillating sieve speed. Results: The threshing rates of different foxtail millet varieties were 64.1~83.5% at a mesh size of 7 mm of the concave. In experimental foxtail millet harvesting, the optimal operating condition of the rice combine harvester included a $40^{\circ}$ sieve chaffer angle and a 4.8 Hz oscillating sieve (cleaning shoe) frequency. The grain loss was found to be lower at a $40^{\circ}$ than at a $55^{\circ}$ sieve chaffer angle. In field harvesting using the combine harvester, the lowest harvesting grain loss rate of the foxtail millet varieties ranged between 0.2~0.5% at a 7 mm mesh concave, $40^{\circ}$ chaffer angle, 4.8 Hz sieve frequency, and a 20 m/s fan speed at an engine speed of 2,000 revolutions per minute (RPM). Conclusions: Findings showed that foxtail millet could be harvested using the combine harvester.