• Environmental Sciences Bulletin of The Korean Environmental Sciences Society
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.9-19
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• 1998

A laboratory study was conducted to investigate the immobilization of the laboratory waste sludge, mainly from chemical oxygen demand (COD) waste, using cementitious binders. The binders were: Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), and lime-Rice Husk Ash(RHA) cement. The economic evaluation was done for three different kinds of cementitious binders, namely, OPC, Portalnd Rice Husk Ash Cement (PRHAC) which contained rice husk ash 50 percent by dry weight, and lime-RHA cement. The result showed that lime-RHA cement was the cheapest. The applicability of Freundlich's desorption isotherm was studied to assess the teachability of sludges. The teachability of cement mortars was found to follow the desorption isotherms. Therefore, it was concluded that based on this test, the leachate concentrations of the solidified heavy metals could be predicted, approximately by the Freundlich's isotherm desorption modeling.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2001년도 The 6th International Symposium of East Asian Resources Recycling Technology
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• pp.375-380
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• 2001

MF is a half shaft blast furnace which has been developed at Mitsui Miike Smelter in the 1960’s to treat vertical retort residue. The MF has also been tested for treatment of various recycling materials and wastes. Now various secondaries and wastes (EAF dust, zinc leaching residue, Cu sludge, etc ) are mainly treated. Powder materials are briquetted with reductant before being fed to the furnace. Products are crude zinc oxide, matte, non-hazardous slag and steam. Zinc and lead are recovered in oxide dust, and copper and silver are recovered in matte. The MF can be widely applied to many kinds of materials which contain such non-ferrous metal-valuables. In addition, the improvement in operation and technology has effectively made the unit capacity much larger. The MF now has many advantages for these treatment processes.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.9.2-19
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• 1993

A laboratory study was conducted to investigate the immobilization of the laboratory waste sludge, mainly from chemical oxygen demand (COD) waste, using cementitious binders. The binders were: Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), and lime-Rice Husk Ash (RHA) cement. The economic evaluation was done for three different kinds of cementitious binders, namely, OPC, Portaind Rice Husk Ash Cement (PRHAC) which contained rice husk ash U percent by dry weight, and lime-RHA cement. The result showed that lime-RHA cement was the cheapest. The applicability of Freundlich's desorption isotherm was studied to assess the teachability of sludges. The teachability of cement mortars was found to follow the desorption isotherms. Therefore, it was concluded that based on this test, the leachate concentrations of the solidified heavy metals could be predicted, approximately by the Freundlich's isotherm desorption modeling.

• 한국가시화정보학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.19-25
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• 2019

We report a study on the dynamics of the transport of a capsule immersed in a vertical pipe. Techniques to convey objects through liquid flow pipes using a hydraulic mean are used to transport sludge and hazardous materials. For the better understanding of the techniques, we developed a theoretical model to predict the transport speed of a cylindrical capsule in a vertical pipe. The comparison of the model prediction with the experiments shows that our model using the lubrication approximation precisely describes the experimental observations in cases where the gap between the capsule and pipe wall is sufficiently small. Our study suggests parameters to control the falling speed and thus enable an accurate control of the capsule speed in hydraulic transport systems.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.659-665
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• 2008

본 연구는 서울특별시 소재 S 물재생센터의 하수슬러지 소각로에서 발생하는 비산재를 이용한 제올라이트 합성에 관한 것이다. 이를 위해 출발물질로서 소각비산재의 특성, 제올라이트 합성을 위한 수열반응조건, 합성된 제올라이트의 적용성을 조사하였다. 하수슬러지 소각 비산재에는 중량으로 각각 42.8%와 21.2%로 많은 양의 SiO$_2$와 Al$_2$O$_3$를 함유하고 있어, 제올라이트 합성의 출발물질로 이용이 가능하였다. 소각 비산재의 중금속 유해성 파악을 위해 용출시험과 함유량 시험을 실시하였는데, 용출시험 결과는 폐기물관리법에서 규제하는 용출기준에 비해 매우 적은 양이 검출되었으나, 함유량 시험에서는 비료관리법 상의 보통 비료 중 유기질 비료 및 부산물 비료의 중금속 위해성 기준을 초과하였다. 수열반응 결과, 주로 생성된 제올라이트는 analcime과 zeolite P1이었다. Analcime은 teflon 반응용기에서 생성되었고, 최적의 반응조건은 알칼리(NaOH)용액의 농도 1 N, 합성온도 135$^{\circ}C$, 합성시간 16시간이었다. 한편, Zeolite P1은 붕규산 유리질 반응용기에서 합성되었고, 알칼리(NaOH)용액 농도 5 N, 합성온도 130$^{\circ}C$, 합성시간 16시간에서 가장 많은 양이 합성되었다. 수열반응 후의 유해 중금속 함유량은 합성전과 비교하여 analcime 생성물에서는 비슷한 수준으로, zeolite P1 생성물에서는 약 절반 정도 감소하였다. 합성된 제올라이트의 성능은 암모늄 이온의 교환정도로서 파악하였는데, 소각 비산재에서 0$\sim$1.0 mg NH$_4{^+}$/g, analcime합성물 3.0$\sim$7.4 mg NH$_4{^+}$/g, 그리고 zeolite P1합성물에서 14.6$\sim$17.8 mg NH$_4{^+}$/g이었다. 천연 제올라이트인 clinoptilolite와 phillipsite의 암모니아 제거능력이 15$\sim$35 mg NH$_4{^+}$/g 정도인데, 본 연구에서는 zeolite P1합성물이 이 범위를 충족하였다. 이러한 관점에서 하수슬러지 소각 비산재를 이용한 제올라이트 합성은 폐기물 재활용의 좋은 대안이 될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.381-389
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• 2009

Confined spaces are inherently dangerous workplace and many fatal and nonfatal accidents have been reported. Even though these accidents occur in various kinds of confined spaces, there has rarely been reported on the health hazard agent, i.e., the types of gases and their concentration ranges. Therefore in this study, we evaluated several toxic and asphyxiating gas concentrations in various confined spaces. We surveyed 57 manholes, 3 sewage treatment plants, 2 yellow radish manufacturing companies and 7 barges to measure the concentrations of oxygen($O_2$), hydrogen sulfide($H_2S$), carbon monoxide(CO), ammonia($NH_3$). Lower Explosion Limits(LEL) and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). Those four types of confined spaces occupies 56% of accidents during last 9 years in Korea. In 57 manholes, the concentration varied according to the types of manholes; rainfall and sewage, and by location; residential and industrial areas. Sewage manhole in industrial area was evaluated as the most hazardous than other types of manhole like rainfall manholes, residential sewage manholes. The highest $H_2S$ concentration and the lowest $O_2$ concentration at sewage manhole in industrial area were 300 ppm, 8.7% respectively. In 3 sewage treatment plants, $H_2S$ and $NH_3$ concentrations were reached up to the 500 ppm and 200 ppm respectively. Two yellow radish manufacturing companies showed the concentrations of 316 ppm, 505.2 ppm, 90 ppm and 15.7% for $H_2S$, CO, VOCs and $O_2$, respectively. Seven barges showed 15.9%~20.9% oxygen concentration. Gas species and concentration ranges varied by the types and location of confined spaces; CO, $H_2S$, $O_2$ could be hazardous in manhole, especially manhole connected to sewage plants. CO, $H_2S$, LEL, $O_2$, $NH_3$ should be controlled in sludge silo and sluge pumping confined spaces in sewage treatment plant. The activity of lifting out radish from the storage tank was evaluated more hazardous rather than the other activities in yellow radish manufacturing industry. The employers must conduct the survey to identify all possible confined spaces in their local workplace prior to performing the tasks. At the national level to reduce the accidents in the confined spaces, we suggest that systemic approach and active education program including possible hazards, standard operation procedures, ventilation plan, and personal protective equipment in confined spaces should be implemented.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.33-43
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• 2013

해양에서 발생하는 해양폐기물의 효율적인 관리와 해양오염방제시스템에 대한 진일보한 전략수립이 필요하다. 2011년에 발생한 해양오염사고 건수는 총 287건이며, 유출량은 369 kL로 나타났으며 이는 전년 대비 각각 13%, 39%가 감소하였다. 해양물질별 5년 평균량을 살펴보면, 오일 유출량 310.5 kL(중유 106.0 kL, 경유 178.9 kL, 선저폐수 22.3 kL, 기타유 7.7 kL)이고, 폐기물 62.3톤, 위험유해물질(HNS) 510.6 kL로 나타났다. 2011년도 폐기물 종류별 해양배출은 총 투기된 양은 3,972 $m^3$이고, 가축분뇨 795 $m^3$(20%), 폐수 1,431 $m^3$(36%), 하수슬러지 887 $m^3$(22%), 폐수슬러지 813 $m^3$(21%), 분뇨 5 $m^3$(0.1%), 기타 41 $m^3$(0.9%)로 나타났다. 해양폐기물의 개념을 보다 명확히 할 필요가 있다. 유해화학물질관리에 따른 통합사고관리체계를 구축해야 한다. 해안오염을 제거하기 위하여 방제책임자가 활용 할 수 있는 한국형 해안방제시스템의 필요하다. 해상방제와 마찬가지로 해안방제도 단계적 대응체제 구축이 필요하다.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제39권7호
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• pp.680-686
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• 2002

각 시멘트 구성 광물별로 중금속의 고정/안정화 메커니즘과 수화거동을 검토하였다. $C_3$S수화 시 Pb는 불용성화합물인 Ca[Pb(OH)$_3$.$H_2O$]$_2$를, Cr은 CaCr $O_4$$H_2O$를 생성하였으며, 초기 7일까지는 전체적으로 중금속이 첨가되어진 경우 수화가 늦어지는 경향을 보이고 있었다. $C_3$A와 $C_4$ $A_3$ $S^{S}$수화 시 Pb, Cr 이온이 ettringite 또는 monosulfate에 의한 수화물에 치환에 의한 고정/안정화되고 있다. 수화물에서 Pb, Cr, Zn등 유해중금속의 용출은 극미하였으며 이는 수화물에 중금속이 고정/안정화되었음을 알 수 있다. 슬래그 혼합 시멘트를 이용한 산업 폐기물 STS, BF, COREX 슬러지 함유 중금속의 고정화/안정화를 검토하였다 시멘트와 폐슬러지를 3 : 7의 비율로 혼합 고화 처리한 결과 유해 중금속의 용출은 극미하였으며, 효과적으로 고정/안정화됨을 확인할 수 있었다.다.

• 한국표면공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국표면공학회 2017년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.69-69
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• 2017

For several decades, industrial processes consume a huge amount of raw water for various objects that consequently results in the generation of large amounts of wastewater. There effluents are mainly treated by conventional technologies such are aerobic, anaerobic treatment and chemical coagulation. But, there processes are not suitable for eliminating all hazardous chemical compounds form wastewater and generate a large amount of toxic sludge. Therefore, other processes have been studied and applied together with these techniques to enhance purification results. These techniques include photocatalysis, absorption, advanced oxidation processes, and ozonation, but also have their own drawbacks. In recent years, electrochemical techniques have received attention as wastewater treatment process that show higher purification results and low toxic sludge. There are many kinds of electrode materials for electrochemical process, among them, boron doped diamond (BDD) attracts attention due to good chemical and electrochemical stability, long lifetime and wide potential window that necessary properties for anode electrode. So, there are many researches about high quality BDD, among them, researches are focused BDD on Si substrate. But, Si substrate is hard to apply electrode application due to the brittleness and low life time. And other substrates are also not suitable for wastewater treatment electrode due to high cost. To solve these problems, Ti has been candidate as substrate in consideration of cost and properties. But there are critical issues about adhesion that must be overcome to apply Ti as substrate. In this study, to overcome this problem, TiN interlayer is introduced between BDD and Ti substrate. TiN has higher electrical and thermal conductivity, melting point, and similar crystalline structure with diamond. The TiN interlayer was deposited by reactive DC magnetron sputtering (DCMS) with thickness of 50 nm, $1{\mu}m$. The microstructure of BDD films with TiN interlayer were estimated by FE-SEM and XRD. There are no significant differences in surface grain size despite of various interlayer. In wastewater treatment results, the BDD electrode with TiN (50nm) showed the highest electrolysis speed at livestock wastewater treatment experiments. It is thought to be that TiN with thickness of 50 nm successfully suppressed formation of TiC that harmful to adhesion. And TiN with thickness of $1{\mu}m$ cannot suppress TiC formation.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.50-60
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• 2012

하수처리시 사용하는 무기 응집제인 알럼과 철염이 지렁이 개체군에 미치는 생태독성학적인 영향을 평가하였다. 여지접촉법에 의한 급성독성 평가에서 Alum과 Ferric chloride의 줄지렁이에 대한 반수치 사농도(LC50)는 각각 457.4 mg $kg^{-1}$, 1,665.2 mg $kg^{-1}$로 Alum의 독성이 Ferric chloride보다 강한것으로 나타났다. Alum은 줄지렁이 산란수, 부화율, 난포당 부화개체수에 영향을 미치지 않았다. Ferric chloride의 경우 난포당 부화개체수에는 영향을 미치지 않았으나 산란수와 부화율을 감소시켰다. Alum 또는 Ferric chloride를 첨가한 먹이를 공급한 줄지렁이는 차세대 발육 유충수가 감소되는 것으로 나타났다. 이상에서 무기응집제인 Alum과 Ferric chloride가 함유된 슬러지를 지렁이에게 급이할 경우 이것들이 줄지렁이 개체군 사멸현상을 유발하는 원인물질중 하나일 가능성을 시사하였다.