• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.346-357
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to suggest improvement plans for prevention regulations by reflecting the toxicity, fire and explosion effects of hazardous materials factories and surrounding areas using an off-site consequence assessment program. Regarding the effects of the hydrogen cyanide leak accident, which is the 1st petroleum of the 4th class flammable liquid, Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres (ALOHA) program was used to compare and analyze the extent of damage effects for toxicity, overpressure, and radiation. As a result, the toxicity was analyzed to exceed 5km in the area with Acute exposure guideline level (AEGL)-2 concentration or higher, the overpressure was 103m in the range of 1 psi or more, and the radiant heat was analyzed to be 724m in the range of 2kw/m² or more. Toxicity and radiation affected the area outside the hazardous material storage area, but the overpressure was limited to the inside of the hazardous material storage area. Therefore, we propose to improve the safety management of hazardous materials by conducting a risk assessment for hazardous materials and reflecting the results in internal and external emergency response plans to prepare prevention regulations.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.1-8
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• 2016

Safety management in hazardous areas with potentially explosive gas atmospheres (here in after referred to as hazardous areas) in large scale facilities dealing with combustible or flammable materials at home and abroad is very important (significant) for the coexistence of the company and local society based on business continuity management (BCM) and reliance. For the safety management in hazardous areas, two systems are mainly used: (1) the control system for the prevention of combustible or flammable substances and (2) the explosion proof system for the elimination of ignition sources when flammable gases are leaked to inhibit the transition to fire or explosion accidents. While technology and regulations on explosion proof facilities or devices for electrical ignition sources are well developed and defined, those for thermal ignition sources need to be more developed and established. In this study, the internal combustion engine in hazardous areas was investigated to determine the risk of ignition. For this purpose, document searches were conducted on the relevant international standards and accidents cases and risk analysis reports. In addition, this study assessed the application cases of the diesel engine's safety equipment, such as spark arresters regarding the site of process safety management (PSM) system in central Korea. To practically apply these results to the hydrocarbon industry, the safety management method for explosion prevention in hazardous areas was provided by risk identification for ignition sources of internal combustion engines, such as diesel engines.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.517-525
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• 2009

We measured ambient concentrations of hazardous air pollutants such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and aldehydes in residential areas nearby small and medium scale shipbuilding companies. The VOC concentrations were higher during the normal operation periods than vacation at which almost all operations were shutdown. Concentrations of VOCs was higher, as the sampling site was nearer from shipbuilding companies. The major components of VOCs were m,p-xylene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, toluene, and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene which had been found as major VOC compounds emitted from painting processes of shipbuilding in the previous studies. The major components of aldehydes analyzed were benzaldehyde, acrolein, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde. The concentration of aldehydes was highest at the furthest sampling point from shipbuilding companies because the formation of aldehyde compounds could be occurred by the secondary chemical reactions of VOCs. The results of this study shows a proper counterplan need to be established for the reduction of hazardous air pollutants emitted from small and medium scale shipping companies.

• The Journal of shipping and logistics
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.565-581
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is evaluate factor for risk management of hazardous substance at ports. The analysis was conducted by applying Fuzzy-AHP methodology, through a questionnaire for hazardous substance experts from Busan, Gwangyang, Incheon, and Ulsan, which are the major Korean ports. Three measurement areas and nine sub-factors were selected for the study. The results of this analysis showed that "human resource management" (HR) was the most important factor (0.445) in the three measurement areas. After applying the conversion weight, the sub-factors were ranked according to their priority as follows: "a secure of administrator skill" (0.158) had the first rank, "an improvement in administrator duty" (0.150) had the second, and "consolidation of safety education" (0.136) had the third rank.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.102-109
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• 2021

Recently, an interest in risk calculation methods has been increasing in Korea due to the establishment of classification code for explosive hazardous area on gas facility (KGS CODE GC101), which is based on the international standard of classification of areas - explosive gas atmospheres (IEC 60079-10-1). However, experiments to check for leaks of combustible or toxic gases are very difficult. These experiments can lead to fire, explosion, and toxic poisoning. Therefore, even if someone tries to provide a laboratory for this experiment, it is difficult to install a gas leakage equipment. In this study we find out differences among actual experiments, CFD by using FLACS and calculation based on classification code for explosive hazardous area on gas facility (KGS CODE GC101) by comparing to each other. We develpoed KGS HAC (hazardous area classification) program which based on KGS GC101 for convenience and popularization. As a result, actual gas leak, CFD and KGS HAC are showing slightly different results. The results of dispersion of 1.8 to 2.7 m were shown in the actual experiment, and the CFD and KGS HAC showed a linear increase of about 0.4 to 1 m depending on the increase in a flow rate. In the actual experiment, the application of 3/8" tubes and orifice to take into account the momentum drop resulted in an increase in the hazardous distance of about 1.95 m. Comparing three methods was able to identify similarities between real and CFD, and also similarities and limitations of CFD and KGS HAC. We hope these results will provide a good basis for future experiments and risk calculations.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.726-734
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• 2020

Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyze and classify the characteristics of potential damage from hazardous chemical accidents in 229 administrative units in South Korea by reflecting the social and environmental characteristics of areas where chemical accidents can occur. Methods: A number of indicators were selected through preceding studies. Factor analysis was performed on selected indicators to derive factors, and cluster analysis was performed based on the factor scores. Results: As a result of the cluster analysis, 229 administrative units were divided into three clusters, and it was confirmed that each cluster had its own characteristics. Conclusions: The first cluster, "areas at risk of accident occurrence and spread of damage" was a type with a high potential for accident damage and a high density of hazardous facilities. The second cluster, "Urban infrastructure damage hazard areas" appeared to be a cluster with high urban development characteristics. Finally, the third cluster 'Urban and environmental damage hazard areas' appeared to be a cluster with an excellent natural environment. This study went further from the qualitative discussion related to existing chemical accidents to identify and respond to accident damage by reflecting the social and environmental characteristics of the region. Distinct from the previous studies related to the causes of accidents and the response system, it is meaningful to conduct empirical research focusing on the affected areas by analyzing the possibility of accident damage in reflection of the social and environmental characteristics of the community.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.33-40
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• 2011

In the hazardous areas where explosive liquids, vapors and gases exist, electrical apparatus/equipment should have explosion-proof construction. The consuming of liquefied natural gas(LNG) has markedly increased in the industrial field, especially in aspect of some thermoprocessing equipment, boiler, dryer, furnace, annealer, kiln, regenerative thermal oxidizer(RTO) and so on. Because it has many merits, clean fuel, safety, no transportation/storage facility and so on. It is strongly recommend that the classification of hazards has to be decided to prevent and protect explosion which may occur in thermoprocessing equipment. In this paper, the operated thermoprocessing equipments in industrial area investigated and explosion risk assessment about LNG leakage from its facilities was performed through numerical calculation and computer simulation. Finally, we suggest the systemic/technical approach for safety assessments of thermoprocessing equipments consumed LNG fuel which are specially subjected to classification of hazardous area.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.425-434
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• 2014

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to introduce the establishment process and results of the Seoul Metropolitan Government's road map on environmental health policy. Methods: The process consisted of expert group meetings, civic participation, research, and questionnaire survey for priority environmental health policy agenda items in Seoul. Results: The announced vision for the environmental health policy was "a healthy environment, safety in Seoul". This policy was established in order to define environment health policy initiatives for a period of five years with an aim to protect Seoul citizens' health from hazardous environmental factors. The resulting Seoul environmental health policy consisted of four areas and 16 key agenda items. The four areas were "Protection for children against hazardous materials", "Enhancement of health and safety of all", "Carcinogen-free and endocrine-disrupting chemical-free Seoul (reducing environmental exposure to hazardous materials), and "Establish the foundation of environmental health policy". Sixteen key agenda items include the enhancement of management of spaces for children, certification of environmental health status at schools, establishment of a unit responsible for the environmental health of children, strengthening environmental health management for susceptible populations (children, the aged, and the socioeconomically vulnerable), management of hazardous materials, physical hazardous factors (noise, radiation, etc.), indoor air quality, and the enhancement of monitoring, research, and regulation of environment health. Conclusion: The Seoul Metropolitan Government established an environmental health policy road map for a five-year period (2013-2017). To implement this environmental health policy, budget allocation, and detailed execution plans are required.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.39 no.6_3
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• pp.1693-1705
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• 2023

Rural areas, which account for about 90% of the country's land area, are increasing in importance and value as a space that performs various public functions. However, facilities that adversely affect residents' lives, such as livestock facilities, factories, and solar panels, are being built indiscriminately near residential areas, damaging the rural environment and landscape and lowering the quality of residents' lives. In order to prevent disorderly development in rural areas and manage rural space in a planned manner, detection and monitoring of hazardous facilities in rural areas is necessary. Data can be acquired through satellite imagery, which can be acquired periodically and provide information on the entire region. Effective detection is possible by utilizing image-based deep learning techniques using convolutional neural networks. Therefore, U-Net model, which shows high performance in semantic segmentation, was used to classify potentially hazardous facilities in rural areas. In this study, KOMPSAT ortho-mosaic optical imagery provided by the Korea Aerospace Research Institute in 2020 with a spatial resolution of 0.7 meters was used, and AI training data for livestock facilities, factories, and solar panels were produced by hand for training and inference. After training with U-Net, pixel accuracy of 0.9739 and mean Intersection over Union (mIoU) of 0.7025 were achieved. The results of this study can be used for monitoring hazardous facilities in rural areas and are expected to be used as basis for rural planning.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.31-39
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• 2017

Classify of explosion hazardous areas must be made at the site where flammable materials are used. This reason is that it is necessary to manage ignition sources in of explosion hazardous areas in order to reduce the risk of explosion. If such an explosion hazard area is widened, it becomes difficult to increase the number of ignition sources to be managed. The method using the virtual volume currently used is much wider than the result using CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics). Therefore, we tried to improve the current method to compare with the new method using leakage characteristics. The result is a realistic explosion hazard if the light gas is calibrated to the mass and the heavy gas is calibrated to the lower explosion limit. However, it is considered that the safety factors should be taken into account in the calculated correction formula because such a problem should be considered as a buffer for safety.