• 분석과학
• /
• 제20권2호
• /
• pp.164-169
• /
• 2007

고속액체크로마토그라피/질량분석기를 이용하여 가공 식품 중 아크릴아마이드를 분석하였다. 대상 식품은 감자칩 (6종), 프렌치후라이 (11종)으로 총 17종이었다. 시료를 균질화하여 3차 증류수로 추출하고 C18 및 혼합이온교환수지 카트리지를 이용하여 정제한 후 LC/MS/MS으로 분석하였다. 이동상으로는 0.1% 초산과 0.5% 메탄올을 함유하는 수용액을 사용하였으며, 대상물질의 특이이온을 ESI 질량분석기로 확인 및 정량하였다. 평균 회수율은 91~101%이었으며, 정량한계는 $10{\mu}g/kg$이었다. 대상식품의 유형에 따라 검출 수준에 차이를 나타냈으며, 평균 검출수준은 감자칩은 0.71 mg/kg, 프렌치후라이는 0.34 mg/kg이었다.

• 한국산업보건학회지
• /
• 제22권3호
• /
• pp.175-183
• /
• 2012

Objectives: This study developed a harmonized method for risk assessment based on the Hazard & Risk Evaluation of Chemicals (HREC) according to the Industrial Safety and Health Act (ISHA). Methods: Three preliminary studies, performed during 2010 and 2011 by the Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute and three academic research groups, were compared. The differences in risk assessment, especially in the dose-response assessment method, were analyzed. A new harmonized method for dose-response assessment was suggested and its applicability for the HREC was examined. Results: Considering the various steps of each dose-response assessment, the equivalent steps in quantitative correction, uncertainty factor 2 (UF2) for intra-species uncertainty, and UF3 for the experimental period in the uncertainty correction were relatively high. Using our new method, the total correction values (quantitative correction plus uncertainty correction) ranged from 72~15,789 to 30~60, and the ratio of the threshold limit value (TLV) to the reference concentration decreased from 12.8~1900 to 5.4~11.8. Furthermore, when we performed risk characterization by our new method, hazard quotient (HQ) values for chloroethylene, epichlorohydrin, and barium sulfate became 3.0, 14.1, and 1.13 respectively, whereas three previous studies reported HQ values of 7.1, 4580, and 87.3 considering reasonable maximum exposure (RME) conditions. HQs of the three chemicals were calculated to be 0.6, 2.4, and 0.1 respectively, when compared to their TLVs. Conclusions: Our new method could be applicable for the HREC because the total correction values and the ratio of TLVs were within reasonable ranges. It is also recommended that additional risk management measures be applied for epichlorohydrin, for which the HQ values were greater than 1 when compared with both reference values and the TLV. Our proposed method could be used to harmonize dose-response assessment methods for the implementation of risk assessment based on the HREC according to ISHA.

• 한국물환경학회지
• /
• 제20권5호
• /
• pp.432-436
• /
• 2004

The principle and methodology of risk assessment was applied to establish the quality standard of potential impurities of drinking water treatment chemicals. The impurities(arsenic, lead, cadmium, chromium, mercury, etc.) are regulated as the contained quantity of chemicals in Korea while they are regulated as the quality standard with the idea of 10% of the national safety drinking water standard in U.S.A(NSF) and Japan(JWWA). According to risk assessment of the current standard implemented in Korea, the excess cancer risk of arsenic and lead were determined in around $10^{-5}$ and the hazard quotient(HQ) of cadmium and chromium were below $10^{-2}$, respectively. And the standard concentration of the impurities are regulated as much as 2%~6% of the national drinking water quality standard. The values are more enforced rather than the standards in U.S.A(NSF) and Japan(JWWA) regulating the concentration of impurities the 10% of the national drinking water quality standard. We conclude that the impurities standard of drinking water treatment chemicals should be reconsidered comprehensively concerning the national safety drinking water quality standard and risk assessment.

• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
• /
• 제26권5호
• /
• pp.845-853
• /
• 2023

The Ministry of Employment and Labor announced a roadmap for reducing serious accidents to create a "safe and healthy workplace, happy Korea" and ordered a risk assessment for all work processes in all workplaces on November 30, 2022. Accordingly, even workplaces that handle new chemicals must conduct risk assessment when introducing new chemicals, but the risk assessment techniques currently proposed by the government focus on preventing conventional accidents such as falls, getting caught, and bumping. Currently, there is a Chemical Hazard Risk Management (CHARM) technique that is most commonly used for chemical risk assessment, but in small and medium-sized businesses that lack professional manpower related to chemical substances, there are many technical terms in the technique and it is difficult to interpret, so its utilization is very low. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to present a method that can make risk assessment easier and simpler before handling new chemicals so that it can be used well in small and medium-sized businesses that lack professional manpower related to chemical substances. Through actual cases, the method of using CHARM was confirmed step by step, and based on this, risk reduction establishment and execution methods were derived. Based on the results of this study, it is expected that it will be used as the best tool for preventing accidents such as acute poisoning when handling chemicals in small and medium-sized workplaces that lack professional manpower related to chemical substances and make every effort to protect workers' health.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• 제56권4호
• /
• pp.191-197
• /
• 2013

To classify the chemical hazard according to globally harmonized system of classification and labeling of chemicals (GHS), we investigated the genotoxicity of three chemicals, methyl myristate, 2-ethylhexanoic acid zinc salt, N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-hydroxyethyl) ethylenediamine, using male ICR mice bone marrow cells for the screening of micronucleus induction. Although these three chemicals have already been tested numerous times, a micronucleus test has not been conducted. The seven week-old male ICR mice were tested at three dosages for the three chemicals, respectively. After 24 h of oral administration with the three chemicals, the mice were sacrificed and their bone marrow cells were prepared for smearing slides. As a result of counting the micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte (MNPCE) of 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes, all treated groups expressed no statistically significant increase of MNPCE compared to the negative control group. There were no clinical signs related with the oral exposure of these three chemicals. It was concluded that these three chemicals did not induce micronucleus in the bone marrow cells of ICR mice, and there was no direct proportion with dosage. These results indicate that the three chemicals have no mutagenic potential under each test condition, and it is not classified these chemicals as mutagens by GHS.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
• /
• 제18권2호
• /
• pp.111-120
• /
• 2003

합성화학물질들이 환경중에 유입되어 인체에는 물론 환경생태계에 많은 영향을 미치고 있어 이들의 유해성 검증은 매우 중요한 일이라 할 수 있다. 실제 산업체에서 사용되는 수많은 화학물질들의 유전적 손상 유발유무는 더욱이 중요한 일이라 할 수 있다. 이에 따라 산업체 공정과정에서 널리 사용되는 17종의 화학물질에 대해 Chinese hamster lung(CHL)세포를 이용한 염색체 이상 시험을 수행하여 이들이 염색체상에 구조적 이상을 유발하는지 관찰하였다. 그 결과, 본 연구에서 사용한 17종의 합성화학물질 중 2-nitroaniline(CAS No. 88-74-4)만이 대사활성화계 부재시 86.3 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml의 농도에서 통계적으로 유의한 염색체 이상 유발능을 보였다. 반면 가장 높은 세포독성을 보인 1-chloroanthraquinone (CAS No. 82-44-0)은 0.8 ∼ 3.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml의 시험농도범위에서 대사활성 존재 유무와 무관하게 염색체 이상을 유발하지 않았으며, 다른 15종의 물질들 역시 본시험 적용 농도 범위에서 염색체 이상 유발능을 관찰할 수 없었다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제42권6호
• /
• pp.430-437
• /
• 2016

Objectives: The new Chemical Control Act from the Korean Ministry of Environment (2014-259) simply states only in basic phrases that every worker handling the listed chemicals should wear personal protective equipment (PPE) and does not consider the different hazard characteristics of particular chemicals or work types. The purpose of this study was to produce an exposure risk matrix and assign PPE to the categories of this matrix, which would be useful for revising the act to suggest PPE to suit work types or situations. Methods: An exposure risk matrix was made using hazard ranks of chemicals and workplace exposure risks in the previous study. For the 20 categories of exposure risk matrix PPE, levels A, B, C, D as classified by OSHA/EPA were assigned. After 69 hazardous chemicals were divided into 11 groups according to their physiochemical characteristics, respirators, chemical protective clothing (CPC), gloves and footwear were suggested on the basis of the assigned PPE levels. Results: PPE table sheets for the 11 groups were made on the basis of work types or situations. Full facepiece or half-mask for level C was recommended in accordance with the exposure risk matrix. Level A was, in particular, recommended for loading or unloading work. Level A PPE should be worn in an emergency involving hydrogen fluoride because of the number of recent related accidents in Korea. Conclusion: PPE assignment according to the exposure risk matrix made by chemical hazards and work type or situation was suggested for the first time. Each type of PPE was recommended for the grouped chemicals. The research will be usefully used for the revision of the Chemical Control Act in Korea.

• 한국화재소방학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국화재소방학회 2008년도 추계학술논문발표회 논문집
• /
• pp.262-269
• /
• 2008

Chemical products have had an favorable influence on our everyday life, and contributed very much to the development of human culture. According to the rapid change of industry and the development of scientific technique the using chemical products are increasing more and more. Chemical products can have any hazardous property such as flammability or explosiveness. There are occurring many accidents in the international trade due to the different classification and labelling of chemicals produced in various countries. The main purpose of this work is the development of global standard test methods for the chemicals, and the classification and labelling in building block approach by means of the basic technical data. Oxidizing solids, combustible solids, spontaneously combustible materials, water-prohibitive materials, flammable liquids, self-reactive materials and oxidizing liquids have been tested. The results have been classified according to the hazard material safety regulation and the UN regulation, and summarized in a data-base.

• 대한예방의학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한예방의학회 1994년도 교수 연수회(환경)
• /
• pp.431-438
• /
• 1994

As currently conducted, standard rodent bioassays do not provide sufficient information to assess carcinogenic risk to humans at doses thousands of times below the maximum tolerated dose. Recent analyses indicate that measures of carcinogenic potency from these tests are restricted to a narrow range about the maximum tolerated dose and that information on shape of the dose-response is limited in experiments with only two doses and a control. Extrapolation from high to low doses should be based on an understanding of the mechanisms of carcinogenesis. We have postulated that administration of the maximum tolerated dose can increase mitogenesis which, in turn. increases rates of mutagenesis and, thus, carcinogenesis. The animal data are consistent with this mechanism, because about half of all chemicals tested are indeed rodent carcinogens, and about 40% of the positives are not detectably mutagenic. Thus, at low doses where cell killing does not occur, the hazards to humans of rodent carcinogens may be much lower than commonly assumed. In contrast, for high-dose exposures in the workplace, assessment of hazard requires comparatively little extrapolation. Nevertheless. permitted workplace exposures are sometimes close to the tumorigenic dose-rate in animal tests. Regulatory policy to prevent human cancer has primarily addressed synthetic chemicals, yet similar proportions of natural chemicals and synthetic chemicals test positive in rodent studies as expected from an understanding of toxicological defenses, and the vast proportion of human exposures are to natural chemicals. Thus, human exposures to rodent carcinogens are common. The natural chemicals are the control to evaluate regulatory strategies, and the possible hazards from synthetic chemicals should be compared to the possible hazards from natural chemicals. Qualitative extrapolation of the carcinogenic response between species has been investigated by comparing two closely related species: rats and mice. Overall predictive values provide moderate confidence in interspecies extrapolation; however, knowing that a chemical is positive at any site in one species gives only about a 50% chance that it will be positive at the same site in the other species.

• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제47권2호
• /
• pp.144-154
• /
• 2021

Objectives: This study was intended to identify hazard contribution by region, media, and chemical by calculating a hazard-based index using pollutant release and transfer register (PRTR) data. Methods: PRTR data for the period 2011 to 2016 was analyzed to examine the regional trends in toxic releases in terms of quantity and to create a corresponding hazard-based index. For the hazard-based index, the Risk-Screening Environmental Indicators (RSEI) Model was used. Results: The results of the trend analysis show that total releases decreased slightly, but health hazard levels increased consistently. According to the outcome of regional contribution analysis of the hazard-based index, Chungcheongnam-do, Jeollabuk-do and Gyeonggi-do Provinces showed a high ratio in the index for air and water release pollutants, while Gyeongsangbuk-do and Gyeongsangnam-do Provinces showed a high ratio in the index of soil release and waste transfer pollutants. Also, as a result of the analysis of the top ranked substances in the hazard-based index, it was found that chromium, cobalt and its compounds, and ethylene oxide contributed greatly to air release substances, while chromium, benzene, and lead and its compounds contributed greatly to water release substances. Conclusion: These results showed considerable disparities between total release and health hazard levels, especially in the analysis of contribution by regions and by chemical substance. Therefore, the hazard-based index should be used both to support a more comprehensive and robust approach to screening of chemicals for environmental health policy and for management.