• 한국사회복지학
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• 제46권
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• pp.7-36
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• 2001

The current benefit expenditure of National Pension Scheme is comparatively small, as it stands in the early stage in reference to the historical development. On the other hand, the current contribution rate of National Pension is set up beyond which is sufficient to cover the current benefit expenditure. Therefore, National Pension makes big surplus every year such that the size of accumulated fund increases very fast. Nevertheless, the apprehension of financial instability of National Pension prevails these days. If so, is it really well-grounded? In terms of the method of financing. public pension schemes of most of all nations in the world are based on pay-as you go or partial funding. Under these financing methods, financial soundness fundamentally depends on the power that the government is able to impose the burden which is equivalent to benefit expenditure and the attitude of the public which represents whether they will admit it or not. Under this perspective, the judgement of financial soundness of public pension can not be made arithmetically and technically only on the basis of the balance between receipts and expenditure but should be accomplished considering the very complex and diverse aspects. In these context, this paper defines what the financial soundness of public pension means specifically and presents the objective indices which help judge it, that is, implicit debt, cost rate, summarized cost rate, pension expenditure as percentage of GDP, and fund rate. Then, applying the indices, this paper analyzes the long-term financial situation of National Pension empirically and evaluates its financial soundness in exploratory perspective.

• 산학경영연구
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• 제1권
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• pp.115-134
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• 1987

The increased number of organized employees and amount of collective bargaining in the public sector has caused many industrial relations students to pay attention to the compulsory arbitration mechanism. Some of these have criticized the compulsory arbitration on the grounds that it tends to replace collective bargain ing itself. They argue that each party lacks the incentive to concede and compromise that is so necessary in reaching agreements as long as the threat and/or use of strike is unavailable to them. On the other hand, the proponents of the compulsory arbitration maintain that compulsory arbitration carries out a strike like function by imposing the cost of disagreement. This paper is primarily concerned with these contradictory issues. More particularly, an attempt is made to analyze the impact of the compulsory arbitration mechanism upon the collective bargaining process by developing a bargaining model with explicit considerations of the determinants of the concession behavior of each party as a function of the cost of disagreement and the risk willingness relationship between the parties. The analysis in this paper leads to a synthesis of the above competing arguments, and shows that those contradictory views on the effect of the compulsory arbitration are mainly due to their failure to con sider the concession process.

• Transactions on Control, Automation and Systems Engineering
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.66-70
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• 2001

This paper describes the design of a two-axis force sensor for robots finger. In detects the x-direction force Fx and y-direction force Fy simultaneously. In order to safely grasp an unknown object using the robots fingers, they should detect the force or gripping direction and the force of gravity direction, and perform the force control using the forces detected. Therefore, the robots hand should be made by the robots finger with tow-axis force sensor that can detect the x-direction force and y-direction force si-multaneously. Thus, in this paper, the two-axis force sensor for robots finger is designed using several parallel-plate beams. The equations to calculate the strain of the beams according to the force in order to design the sensing element of the force sensor are derived and these equations are used to design the aize of two-axis force sensor sensing element. The reliability of the derive equa-tions is verified buy performing a finite element analysis of the sensing element. The strain obtained through this process is compared to that obtained through the theory analysis and a characteristics test of the fabricated sensor. It reveals that the rated strains calculated from the derive equations make a good agreement with the results from the Finite Element Method analysis and from the character-istic test.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제71권3호
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• pp.317-327
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• 2019

The aim of this paper is to present the most important issues on the implementation, operation and maintenance of foundation for machines. The article presents the newest solutions both in terms of technology implementation as well as materials used in construction of such structures. Foundations for machines are special building structures used to transfer loads from an operating machine to the subsoil. The purpose of these foundations is not just to transfer loads, but also to reduce vibrations occurring during operation of the machine, i.e. their damping and preventing redistribution to other elements of the building. It should be noted that foundations for machines (particularly foundations for hammers) are the most dynamically loaded building structures. For these reasons, they require precise static and dynamic calculations, accuracy in their implementation and care for them after they have been made. Therefore, the paper in detail present the guidelines regarding: design, construction and maintenance of structures of this type. Furthermore, the most important parameters and characteristics of materials used for the construction of these foundations are described. As a result of the conducted analyzes, it was found that the concrete mix, in foundations for machines, should have a low water/binder ratio. For its execution, it is necessary to use broken aggregates from igneous rocks and binders modified with mineral additives and chemical admixtures. On the other hand, the reinforcement of composites should contain a large amount of structural reinforcement to prevent shrinkage cracks.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.66-86
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• 2019

Purpose - This paper describes the use of trade preferences under the EU-Korea free trade agreement (FTA) and empirically examines potential reasons for the less than full use, using data on daily EU imports from Korea at the product level. Design/methodology - We employ a probit model to analyse the relationship between the use of trade preferences on the one hand and variables such as potential duty savings, rules of origin and the characteristics of the good traded (intermediate input or final product) on the other. Findings - The paper finds that EU imports from Korea make good use of trade preferences with an overall preference utilisation rate of close to 90% in 2016, which is up from about 80% in 2012. It further shows that potential duty savings influence preference utilisation positively and that more than one quarter of the observations in our sample made use of preferences under EU-Korea FTA in 2012, despite duty savings standing at €10 or less. Originality/value - The finding that a non-negligible share of observations use preferences even when the duty savings are low has not yet figured in the literature. We further show how preference utilisation rates differ by importing EU Member State and by section of the Harmonised System and estimate the marginal impact of an increase in potential duty savings on the preference utilisation rate by broad product group, which is novel.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.859-872
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• 2015

Pebble matrix filtration (PMF) is a water treatment technology that can remove suspended solids in highly turbid surface water during heavy storms. PMF typically uses sand and natural pebbles as filter media. Hand-made clay pebbles (balls) can be used as alternatives to natural pebbles in PMF treatment plants, where natural pebbles are not readily available. Since the high turbidity is a seasonal problem that occurs during heavy rains, the use of newly developed composite clay balls instead of pure clay balls have the advantage of removing other pollutants such as natural organic matter (NOM) during other times. Only the strength properties of composite clay balls are described here as the pollutant removal is beyond the scope of this paper. These new composite clay balls must be able to withstand dead and live loads under dry and saturated conditions in a filter assembly. Absence of a standard ball preparation process and expected strength properties of composite clay balls were the main reasons behind the present study. Five different raw materials from industry wastes: Red Mud (RM), Water Treatment Alum Sludge (S), Shredded Paper (SP), Saw Dust (SD), and Sugar Mulch (SM) were added to common clay brick mix (BM) in different proportions. In an effort to minimize costs, in this study clay balls were fired to $1100^{\circ}C$ at a local brick factory together with their bricks. A comprehensive experimental program was performed to evaluate crushing strength of composite hand-made clay balls, using uniaxial compression test to establish the best material combination on the basis of strength properties for designing sustainable filter media for water treatment plants. Performance at both construction and operating stages were considered by analyzing both strength properties under fully dry conditions and strength degradation after saturation in a water bath. The BM-75% as the main component produced optimum combination in terms of workability and strength. With the material combination of BM-75% and additives-25%, the use of Red Mud and water treatment sludge as additives produced the highest and lowest strength of composite clay balls, with a failure load of 5.4 kN and 1.4 kN respectively. However, this lower value of 1.4 kN is much higher than the effective load on each clay ball of 0.04 kN in a typical filter assembly (safety factor of 35), therefore, can still be used as a suitable filter material for enhanced pollutant removal.

• 미술자료
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• 제100권
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• pp.140-170
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• 2021

정유재란을 겪으며 전소(全燒)된 화엄사는 벽암각성(碧巖覺性)(1575~1660)의 주도 아래 재건이 이루어졌다. 대웅전에는 목조비로자나삼신불상이 봉안되었는데, 1634년에 완성하여 1635년에 점안·봉안되었다. 2015년에 석가불상 복장 <시주질>과 노사나불상 대좌 내부 판재(板材)에 적힌 <묵서명>이 조사되고, 2020년에 노사나불상의 복장 <시주질>이 조사되어 비로자나삼신불상의 조성에 참여한 청헌, 응원, 인균을 포함한 열여덟 명의 조각승들이 밝혀졌고 선조(宣祖)의 아들 의창군 이광(李珖)을 비롯한 왕실과 종친, 천명이 넘는 승속(僧俗)의 시주자들이 동참한 대규모 불사였음이 알려졌다. 비로자나삼신불상의 본존은 높이 2.76m의 장육불상으로 당시 불교조각에서 널리 유행하던 장신형의 비례감이 아닌 두부가 크고 어깨가 좁은 고식(古式)의 단구형(短軀形) 비례감을 보인다. 주먹 쥔 왼손을 오른손으로 감싼 비로자나불의 지권인(智拳印)과 보관을 쓴 보살형의 노사나불상은 북송대에 고려로 전해진 전통적인 도상(圖像)이며, 석가불상이 결한 독특한 항마촉지인의 형식은 명(明)에서 전래된 경(經) 변상도에 나타난 도상이 불교조각에 반영된 것으로 생각된다. 화엄사 비로자나삼신불상에서 나타나는 신구(新舊) 양식과 도상의 혼재는 화엄사 불사(佛事)를 맡았던 조각승들이 고려시대 불교조각의 귀족적 전통을 계승한 조선초기 불교미술에서 화엄사 삼신불상의 범본을 구하려했던데서 비롯된 것으로 이해된다. 또한 전란으로 소실된 고려시대 비로자나삼신불상의 원(原) 모습에 가깝게 복원되기를 바라는 화엄사 산중대덕(山中大德)들의 기대가 불상조성에 영향을 주었을 것으로 생각된다. 이와 같은 관점에서 화엄사 삼신불상의 노사나불상은 고려시대 비로자나삼신불상과 도상적으로 연결될 수 있으며 고려시대의 화엄사에 이와 유사한 도상과 양식의 비로자나삼신불상이 봉안되어 있었을 가능성을 상정해 볼 수 있다. 만우 휘헌의 『화엄사지』(1924)에 따르면, 화엄사는 고려 왕실의 축성의례를 거행해온 사찰로 여겨지는데, 이 전통이 조선후기까지 이어져 화엄사 재건 불사에서 새로 조성된 대웅전 비로자나삼신불상 역시 조선왕실의 축성의례를 위한 예배대상이었을 가능성이 크다. 따라서 화엄사 재건에 왕실과 종친이 시주자로 참여한 점도 이와 관련이 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.444-454
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• 2017

스톱모션 애니메이션은 촉각적 공감을 불러일으키고, 시각적으로 사실감을 더할 수 있다는 특징을 가진 특수한 콘텐츠분야로 여겨진다. 오랜 역사에도 불구하고 디지털 기술을 활용한 여타의 애니메이션 제작방식에 비하여 제작사례 연구가 부족한 실정이다. 많은 노동력과 시간이 요구되는 만큼 제작과 더불어 수익을 창출하기까지의 데이터가 축적되기 힘들기 때문이다. 특히, 기획부터 시작하여, 방영 그리고 2차 저작물 생산까지 애니메이션 전공 학생과 교수가 중심이 되어 단계적으로 지적재산권을 다져나가는 사례는 극히 드물다고 볼 수 있다. 아울러, 애니메이션 제작업계에서 기존의 파이프라인 외의 스톱모션 애니메이션의 제작 프로세스를 분석하고 지속적으로 신규성을 발견하기란 어려운 일이었다. 이에 본 논문은 기존의 스톱모션 애니메이션 제작의 효율성을 향상시킬 수 있는 새로운 제작사례 연구를 제시하는데 목적이 있다. 또한, 탁툰엔터프라이즈에서 제작한 TV시리즈 갤럭시키즈의 제작과정을 통하여 선행연구사례에서 미진했던 자체적인 제작프로세스의 개발의 원형을 구축하고 더불어 전통적인 수작업 중심의 제작과정외의 3D프린팅과 같은 그래픽기술의 활용 및 고안된 비즈니스 모델의 확산을 제시할 것이다. 본 연구를 바탕으로 향후 콘텐츠 제작에 있어 필연적으로 마주하던 난관이 더욱 공론화되고 구체적인 해결방안의 공유가 활발해지기를 기대한다.

• 화훼연구
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.266-274
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• 2008

건조 후 장식용 꽃다발을 만들기 적합한 자생식물을 조사하기 위해 충남 성환을 중심으로 지리산, 설악산, 제주도 등 한국의 여러 지역을 탐사하여 70여 종류의 식물을 수집하였다. 수집한 식물을 자연건조한 후, $22{\times}22{\times}37cm$ 포장상자에 맞는 사방형 핸드타이드 반구형 꽃다발로 상품가능성이 있는 식물은 37종류였다. 조사된 37종류의 식물 중 개밀, 새, 산조풀, 오리새, 피, 왕바랭이, 띠, 참억새, 억새, 큰쥐꼬리새, 수크령, 큰조아재비, 갈대, 포아풀, 금강아지풀, 강아지풀, 나래새의 17종이 포함된 화본과 식물이 가장 많았고, 사철쑥, 인진쑥, 산쑥, 사자빌쑥, 물쑥, 감국, 각시취의 7종이 포함된 국화과 식물이 두 번째였으며, 그 외 냉이, 다닥냉이, 말냉이 3종이 포함된 십자화과와 배초향, 향유, 꽃향유의 3종이 포함된 꿀풀과가 세 번째였다. 선정된 37종류의 식물 중 꽃다발 상용가치가 높은 식물은 피, 띠, 큰쥐꼬리새, 큰조아재비, 금강아지풀, 강아지풀, 사철쑥, 산쑥, 감국, 배초향, 향유, 꽃향유, 괭이사초, 순비기나무의 14가지였다. 꽃다발, 리스, 꽃꽂이 세 가지 장식물을 모두 제작할 수 있을 것으로 예상되는 식물을 조사, 수집하여 건조시킨 후 단일 식물 재료로, 꽃다발은 $22{\times}22{\times}37cm$의 포장상자에 들어갈 수 있는 반구형으로 제작하였고, 리스는 리스틀에 식물재료를 바짝 붙이는 기본형으로 $22{\times}22{\times}6cm$의 포장상지에 들어갈 수 있는 크기로, 꽃꽂이는 $22{\times}22{\times}22cm$ 포장상자에 들어 갈 수 있는 반구형으로 제작하였다. 제작된 식물 중 상품가능성이 가장 높은 식물은 갈대, 금강아지풀, 강아지풀, 사철쑥, 산쑥, 감국, 향유, 꽃향유, 들깨풀, 순비기나무 등 10종류였다.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.75-82
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• 2013

The traditional Hanji-making was confronted with lots of industrial disadvantages and economic problems, due to the original hand-made process. Recently, the studies on the automation of overall Hanji manufacturing process is carried out by applying the commercial chemical pulping method in order to expand industrial application or efficiency of non-wood fibrous materials. However, the application of commercial pulping methods to the bast tissues of paper mulberry leads to the chemical and mechanical deterioration of cellulosic fibers. In this study, the optimal cooking method using the bast parts of paper mulberry produced by an auto-scraping device was applied to minimize the damage of fiber strength for the paper yarn manufacture. The pre-steaming treatment and alkaline pulping systems were evaluated in removal efficiency of lignin and pectin materials within the bast tissue of paper mulberry. With the application of pre-steaming treatment and 2 stage pulping system using potassium carbonate and then sodium hydroxide, kappa values were decreased two times more in lignin removal than the single stage of pulping method. It was also identified from SEM images and ATR-FTIR spectra that the pectin components within cellular structure of bast tissue were easily removed and the debarked bast parts by a auto-scraping device were easily defiberized by 2-stage pulping sequence using potassium carbonate/sodium hydroxide pulping system.