• Language and Information
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.1-12
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• 1999

There have been two opposing views on the structure of the so-called head internal relative construction(HIRC) in Korean/Japanese, i.e., a view that analyzes the HIRC categorially as a nominal projection and functionally as an argument(Kuroda 1992, Watanabe 1992, Hoshi 1996, Jhang 1991/1994, among others) vs. a view that analyzes the HIRC categorially as an adjunct clause and functionally as a non-argument(Murasugi 1994). This paper on the one hand points out several phenomena indicating that Murasugi's analysis is more viable, while on the other hand proposing a more complex structure than Murasugi's to account for other facts as well. The no/kes clause in the HIRC will be analyzed as the complement of a null perception verb whose projection constitutes part of an adjunct clause.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.1-20
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• 2005

Despite the noteworthy increase in the number of FL anxiety studies, inconsistencies associated with the effects of FL anxiety on language learner performance have been reported in literature. Such conflicting results seem to be attributable in part to unstable conceptualization of the FL anxiety construct and its measure. This paper purported to address the emerging call for a theoretical clarification of the construct at hand as a preface to a clear picture of language anxiety on a conceptual ground. This paper not only covers aspects of general anxiety from psychological perspectives, but examines how FL anxiety and its associated concepts have been conceptualized in the literature. Inconsistent results that pertain to FL learning were also delineated. Given the drawbacks found in the exiting theories of FL anxiety, several points were taken into account for a refinement of the conceptual framework. This attempt will hopefully shed new light on the construct per se and prove conducive to the development of the field of English education.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.55-70
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• 2010

Although scholarly terminology should have clear meanings as signs, Korean pagoda terminology has become jargon and is creating difficulties in communicating meanings which are far from the originally intended meanings; this terminology is sometimes notated in dead language, meaning old Chinese characters, or Japanese styled Chinese characters. Nobody has asked questions on the terminology itself which has long been commonly used for a century, since the Japanese-ruling period. One of the main reasons for this error is that the Indian Buddhist scriptures in Sanskrit has been translated into Chinese with vague understanding of form and meaning of stupa since 3rd Century A.D. On the other hand, the English-language terminology, already built by Indology scholars since the beginning of the 20th century, consists of easier language and clearer meanings. This paper examines misunderstanding and mistranslation of the original Indian stupa terms and suggests new terminology in current, easier language.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.37-45
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• 2003

This study attempted to determine the effects of a context-based drawing task on the language expression of a severe Wernicke's and Broca's aphasic. The subjects in this study showed a poor auditory comprehension and naming performance. They also showed paraphasia and perseveration. This study focused on improving language expression by a drawing task based on conversation at hand. Ten target words were chosen which were easily drawnable and familiar to the subjects. The results showed that the context-based drawing task was effective on improving the subjects' confrontation naming ability and expressive language ability in terms of explanation of sentences. In addition, the Broca's aphasic showed improved naming ability when the contextual cues were given and he was supposed to spontaneously name words.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.87-98
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• 2000

Timing in speech is determined by many factors. In this paper, we introduce and discuss some factors that have generally been regarded as important in speech timing. They include stress, syllable structure, consonant insertion or deletion, tempo, lengthening at clause, phrase and word boundaries, preconsonantal vowel shortening, and compensation between segments or within phonological units (e.g., word, foot), compression due to the increase of syllables in word or foot level, etc. and each of them may playa crucial role in the structuring of speech timing in a language. But some of these timing factors must interact with each other rather than be independent and the effects of each factor on speech timing will vary from language to language. On the other hand, there could well be many other factors unknown so far. Finding out and investigating new timing factors and reinterpreting the already-known timing factors should enhance our understanding of timing structures in a given language or languages.

• Lingua Humanitatis
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• v.5
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• pp.221-264
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• 2003

This paper takes issue with the idea of language as a 'serial-time structure' as opposed to the 'real-time event' of speech, an idea entrenched in Chomskyan model of linguistic theory. The discussion centers around the leitmotif question: Is language constructed entirely from a finite set of apriori discrete symbol types, as the 'competence vs performance' dichotomy implies\ulcorner A set of linguistic patterns examined in this study, largely with regard to phonological considerations, points to the evidence to the contrary. That is, while the patterns may be said to be linguistically distinct, they are not discretely, different, i.e. not different enough to be reliably differentiated. It is demonstrated that much of current research in phonology, including the most recent Optimality Theory, is misdirected in that it falsely presupposes a discrete universal phonetic inventory. The main thrust of the present study is that there is no sharp boundary between 'competence' defined as the formal, symbolic, discrete time domain of language and human cognition on the one hand and 'performance' as the continuous, fuzzy, real-time domain of human physiology on the other.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.100-112
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• 1996

This paper presents a design experience of a control language for coordination of a multi-robot system. To effectively program job commands, a Petrinet-type Graphical Robot Language(PGRL) is proposed, where some functions, such as concurrency and synchronization, for coordination among tasks can be easily programmed.In our system, the proposed task commands of PGRL are implemented by employing formal model languages, which are composed of three modules, sensory, data handling, and action module. It is expected that by using our proposed PGRL and formal languages, one can easily describe a job or task, and hence can effectively operate a complex real-time and concurrent system. The control system is being implemented by using VME-based 32-bit microprocessor boards for supervisory, each module controller(arm, hand, leg, sensor data processing module) and a real time multi-tasking operating system(VxWorks). (author). 17 refs., 16 figs., 2 tabs.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.541-550
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• 2012

Objective: The aim of this study is to suggest a notation method for three-dimensional hand gesture. Background: To match intuitive gestures with commands of products, various studies have tried to derive gestures from users. In this case, various gestures for a command are derived due to various users' experience. Thus, organizing the gestures systematically and identifying similar pattern of them have become one of important issues. Method: Related studies about gesture taxonomy and notating sign language were investigated. Results: Through the literature review, a total of five elements of static gesture were selected, and a total of three forms of dynamic gesture were identified. Also temporal variability(reputation) was additionally selected. Conclusion: A notation method which follows a combination sequence of the gesture elements was suggested. Application: A notation method for three dimensional hand gestures might be used to describe and organize the user-defined gesture systematically.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Language and Information Conference
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• 2002.02a
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• pp.187-194
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• 2002

In this paper it has been proposed that concession should be analysed as involving scalar implicatures and that an alternative set of situations have to be assumed to account for the the relative nature of likelihood of event occurrence. This paper also claims that the notion of likelihood is the basis of the corresponding pragmatic inference and a universal quantification effect. Unexpectedness, which is conceptually tied to concession, on the other hand involves the same kind of pragmatic inference but presuppose the existence of an alternative set of individuals instead of an alternative set of situations.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.29-37
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• 2016

Humans develop and maintain relationship through communication. Communication is largely divided into verbal communication and non-verbal communication. Verbal communication involves the use of a language or characters, while non-verbal communication utilizes body language. We use gestures with language together in conversations of everyday life. Gestures belong to non-verbal communication, and can be offered using a variety of shapes and movements to deliver an opinion. For this reason, gestures are spotlighted as a means of implementing an NUI/NUX in the fields of HCI and HRI. In this paper, using Kinect and the geometric features of the hand, we propose a method for recognizing the number of fingers and detecting the hand area. A Kinect depth image can be used to detect the hand region, with the finger number identified by comparing the distance of outline and the central point of a hand. Average recognition rate for recognizing the number of fingers is 98.5%, from the proposed method, The proposed method would help enhancing the functionality of the human computer interaction by increasing the expression range of gestures.