• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2002년도 춘계학술대회 논문집 유기절연재료 전자세라믹 방전플라즈마 일렉트렛트 및 응용기술
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• pp.108-111
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• 2002

CIGS film has been fabricated on soda-lime glass, which is coated with Mo film. by multi-source evaporation process. The films has been prepared with thickness of 1.0 ${\mu}m$, 1.75${\mu}m$, 2.0${\mu}m$, 2.3${\mu}m$, and 3.0${\mu}m$. X-ray diffraction analysis with film thickness shows that CIGS films exhibit a strong (112) preferred orientation. Furthermore. CIGS films exhibited distinctly decreasing the full width of half-maximum and (112) preferred peak with film thickness. Also, The film's microstructure, such as the preferred orientation, the full width at half-maximum(FWHM), and the interplanar spacing were examined by X-ray diffraction. The preparation condition and the characteristics of the unit layers were as followings ; Mo back contact DC sputter, CIGS absorber layer : three-stage coevaporation, CdS buffer layer : chemical bath deposition, ZnO window layer : RF sputtering, $MgF_2$ antireflectance : E-gun evaporation

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제29권11호
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• pp.998-1005
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• 2006

The effects of imipramine on A-type delayed rectifier $K^{+}$ currents and ATP-sensitive $K^{+}\;(K_{ATP)$ currents were studied in isolated murine proximal colonic myocytes using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. Depolarizing test pulses between-80 mV and +30 mV with 10 mV increments from the holding potential of-80 mV activated voltage-dependent outward $K^{+}$ currents that peaked within 50 ms followed by slow decreasing sustained currents. Early peak currents were inhibited by the application of 4-aminopyridine, whereas sustained currents were inhibited by the application of TEA. The peak amplitude of A-type delayed rectifier $K^{+}$ currents was reduced by external application of imipramine. The half-inactivation potential and the half-recovery time of A-type delayed rectifier $K^{+}$ currents were not changed by imipramine. With 0.1 mM ATP and 140 mM $K^{+}$ in the pipette and 90 mM $K^{+}$ in the bath solution and a holding potential of -80 mV, pinacidil activated inward currents; this effect was blocked by glibenclamide. Imipramine also inhibited $K_{ATP}$ currents. The inhibitory effects of imipramine in A-type delayed rectifier $K^{+}$ currents and $K_{ATP}$ currents were not changed by guanosine 5-O-(2-thiodiphosphate) ($GDP{\beta}S$) and chelerythrine, a protein kinase C inhibitor. These results suggest that imipramine inhibits A-type delayed rectifier $K^{+}$ currents and $K_{ATP}$ currents in a manner independent of G-protein and protein kinase C.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2004

In recent, development of nano fiber has been one of the most active subjects in the world. Nano fiber is defined as a ultra fine yarn with a diameter unit of $10-100\times10^{-9}meter$, which is possible to be produced by an electro-spinning technology. In this study, physical characteristics and dyeing properties of nylon 66 nano fiber were investigated. Nylon 66 nano fiber was dyed with levelling type acid dyes. X-ray diffraction method and DSC analysis were used for the measurement of the degree of crystallization. Analysis of amino end groups was also performed in order to examine a relationship between number of amino groups and its dyeing property as well as water absorption behavior. The maximum exhaustion % of dyes and dyeing rate under various dyeing conditions, such as dyeing temperature and pH in dye bath, along with build-up properties for 2 acid dyes were evaluated. It was found that the degree of crystallization of nano fiber was smaller than that of regular fiber, and amino end groups of nano fiber were less than regular fiber. Half dyeing time of nano fiber was shorter than regular fiber because of the bigger specific surface area. Effect of pH on exhaustion % was small in case of nano fiber. Exhaustion of nano fiber increased with higher concentration of dye.

• 재활간호학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.5-12
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the uses of complementary and alternative therapies(CAT), pain, and quality of life(QOL) in patients with chronic back pain. Method: A descriptive survey was conducted using convenient sample. One hundred sixty two patients with chronic back pain participated in this study. Types and satisfaction of CAT, pattern of back pain, and QOL were investigated. Result: 83.3% of all participants reported in the use of CAT. The most common types of CAT used were acupuncture and half-bath. Yoga were the most high satisfaction among the types. The mean score of back pain was 4.12, QOL was 3.10, that was mostly low score. There was no significant difference back pain and QOL between CAT user and nonuser. Correlation with satisfaction of CAT according the most using types were a negative correlation with back pain and a positive correlation with QOL. Conclusion: These result indicate that the mostly patients with back pain feels the satisfaction of CAT use. It is important that provide the obvious information about CAT which can be helpful to patient.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제57권1호
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• pp.110-123
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• 2024

온양행궁은 <온천행궁도(溫泉行宮圖)>『온궁사실(溫宮事實)』(1795), 『영괴대기(靈槐臺記)』 및 <영괴대도> 등의 문헌자료와 영괴대(靈槐臺), 신정비(神井碑)로 왕의 온행을 확인가능한 문화유산이다. 특히 1906년 헤르만 산더(Hermann Sander)가 촬영한 사진을 통해, 조선시대 온양행궁의 온천(탕실)이 일제강점기 초기까지 유지되고 있음을 확인할 수 있다. 본 연구는 온양행궁 관련 문헌 및 <온천행궁도>(1795)에 기초하여, 온양행궁 탕실의 건축형식을 밝혀내는 것을 목적으로 하고 있다. 이를 위해 첫째 온양행궁 및 탕실의 변천을 살펴보고, 둘째 왕의 목욕문화 및 행태를 고찰한 후, 셋째 <온천행궁도> 온천(탕실) 건축을 「온궁수리」를 통해 정리하고, 넷째 일제강점 초기 헤르만 산더(Sander)의 사진과 비교하여 조선 후기 마지막 온양행궁 온천(탕실) 건축 형식을 고찰하였다. 이상의 연구결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻을 수 있다. 첫째, 온양행궁 온천(탕실)은 현종 초 온정실(溫井室, 8칸), <온천행궁도> 온천(탕실)로 이어지면서 조선 후기 『호서읍지』(1871)까지 유지되고 있는데, 일제강점기 초기 헤르만 산더(1906) 및 <1912년 충남 아산시 온양온천>(한국저작권 위원회) 사진 건축물과 일치하고 있다. 둘째, 조선시대 국왕의 목욕법은 목욕평상(沐浴平床) 또는 교의(交倚)에 앉아 세두, 유두, 목두 등을 시행하거나, 온천수 증기를 직접 쐬는 훈세, 탕정 앞에 목판을 깔고 앉아 물에 발을 담그는 침족 또는 침세, 그리고 배꼽 아래만 물에 담그는 반신욕인 체욕, 좌탕 등의 다양한 목욕방법을 채택하였다. 셋째, 온양행궁 온천(탕실)은 온천수가 상탕 서북쪽에서 분출되어 동쪽으로 꺾여 중탕으로 들어가고 남쪽으로 꺾어지면서 바깥으로 나와 하탕이 되는 구조로서, 탕체 주변부는 태안에서 실어 온 바둑돌을 탕실 바닥에 깔았다. 이상의 고찰로부터, 어실로부터 왕의 접근동선, 왕의 목욕법과 목욕도구, 입대하는 의관과 목욕보조 인력 등 목욕행태와 「온궁수리」에서 언급된 각 실 등의 구성을 헤르만 산더의 사진과 비교하여, 온양행궁 온천(탕실) 건축물을 추정할 수 있다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.813-823
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• 1998

마찰력은 치아이동시 활주이동부에 유해한 인자로 인식되어져 왔으나 치아이동에 저항하는 고정원에 있어서는 유리한 인자로 받아들여질 수 있다. 즉 마찰력이 작은 결찰법들을 이용하여 효과적인 치아이동을 도모하는 반면 마찰력이 큰 결찰법들을 이용하여 브라켓의 걸림에 의해 치아이동이 거의 일어나지 않게 하면 고정원을 강화할 수 있다. 인공타액하에서 시간경과에 따른 교정선과 브라켓 사이의 마찰력 변화, 탄성 모듈과 스테인레스 강 결찰선을 이용하여 각각 결찰양식을 달리 하였을 때의 마찰력 변화 그리고 결찰재의 재료를 달리 하였을 때의 마찰력 변화를 알아보기 위하여 .018"x.025" 슬롯의 상악 중절치용 standard edgewise twin 브라켓과 .017"x.022" 스테인레스 강 교정선을 탄성 모듈, .009" 스테인레스 강 결찰선 그리고 .012" 스테인레스 강 결찰선을 이용하여 다양하게 결찰하였다. 또한 통상적인 방법으로 결찰한 탄성 모듈 결찰군을 결찰 직후와 1주 간격으로 4주간 마찰력을 측정하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. ${\cdot}$탄성 모듈 whole tie시 시간경과에 따른 마찰력은 4주 경과시 가장 높았으나 3주, 2주, 1주, 결찰 직후간에는 통계학적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다 (p>0.n). ${\cdot}$탄성 모듈로 결찰시 마찰력은 twisting tie가 가장 높았고 double overlay tie, whole tie, half tie 순으로 나타났으나 twisting tie와 double overlay tie 간에는 통계학적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다 (p>0.05). ${\cdot}$스테인레스 강 결찰선으로 결찰시 half tie 군이 whole tie 군보다 낮은 마찰력을 보였으며 ligature tying plier로 결찰한 경우가 needle holder로 결찰한 경우보다 더 높았고 .012" 결찰선을 이용한 경우가 .009" 결찰선을 이용한 경우보다 더 높았다 (p<0.05). ${\cdot}$통상적인 방법으로 탄성 모듈과 스테인레스 강 결찰선을 이용하여 결찰한 경우 두 군간에 유의한 차이가 없었다(p>0.05).

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.85-93
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• 1998

ATP-sensitive $K^+$ channels ($K_{ATP}$) were not identified in gastric smooth muscle cells. However, in tension recording of intact gastric circular muscle, lemakalim of $K_{ATP}$ channels opener in other tissues suppressed mechanical contractions and this effect was blocked by glibenclamide, a specific inhibitor of $K_{ATP}$ channels. The aims of this study were to investigate whether $K_{ATP}$ channels exist in gastric smooth muscle of guinea-pig and to know its physiological role. Whole cell $K^+$ currents activated by lemakalim were recorded from freshly isolated cells with a 0.1 mM ATP, 140 mM KCl pipette solutions. Lemakalim (10 ${\mu}M$) increased inward currents of $-224{\pm}34$ pA (n=13) at -80 mV of holding potential in bath solution contained 90 mM $K^+$. Bath-applied glibenclamide (10 ${\mu}M$) inhibited the lemakalim-activated inward currents by $91{\pm}6%$ (n=5). These lemakalim-activated inward currents were reduced by increased intracellular ATP from 0.1 to 3 mM ($-41{\pm}12$ pA) (n=5). The reversal potential of the glibenclamide- sensitive inward currents was $-5.2{\pm}2.4$ mV (n=3) in external 90 mM $K^+$ and shifted to $-14.8{\pm}3.6$ mV (n=3) in external 60 mM $K^+$, which close to equilibrium potential of $K^+$ ($E_K$). External barium and cesium inhibited the lemakalim-activated inward currents dose-dependently. The half-inhibitory dose ($IC_{50}$) of barium and cesium were 2.3 ${\mu}M$ (n=5) and 0.38 mM (n=4), respectively. 10 mM tetraethylammonium (TEA) also inhibited the lemakalim-activated inward currents by $66{\pm}15%$ (n=5). Both substance P (SP) (5 ${\mu}M$) and acetylcholine (ACh) (5 ${\mu}M$) inhibited lemakalim-activated inward currents. These results suggest that $K_{ATP}$ channels exist in the gastric smooth muscle and its modulation by neurotransmitters may play an important role in regulating gastric motility.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보디스플레이학회 2003년도 International Meeting on Information Display
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• pp.1164-1167
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• 2003

Recently CRT is getting flatted, As change of CRT trend from normal type to Flat type, the material of Shadow Mask was also changed from AK(Aluminum Killed) to Invar(Fe-Ni alloy) materials Until now we have used just AK(Aluminum Killed) for normal type TV(not flat type), but main raw material of shadow mask component was changed. . However recently Invar(Fe-Ni alloy) materials, which has advantage of Low Thermal Expansion and High Strength, has been developed as well as applying in mass production as CRT's trend has become more flat and fine pitch. As main raw material of shadow mask component was changed, conditions of process were changed. One of them, the importance of pre-etching process (assistant process for developing & etching) is improved because there are so many particles in the pre-etching bath because of Ni compounds. Since the solubility of Ni in pre-etching solvent is very low related to Fe's, so the compounds of Ni happen to make particles.(the solubility of Fe is twenty times Ni's) that particles happen to make process troubles and NG productions so to clear the particles we had to established high cost filtering system, but it is useless. As time goes by the quantity of particles (Ni compounds) was increased because of the capability of filtering system was not enough, the particles was produced continuous in bath, and it make quality problems. Hence we tried to develop the new pre-etching solution to remove the particles (Ni compounds) and to cost down the filtering system's running cost. But in improving the solution we discovered the new pre-etching solution made the PR developing better. In former solution there were three kinds of chemistry (COOH)2 , H2O2 , H2S04 .first the function of (COOH)2 is drilling the surface of Invar, during this mechanism Ni compounds occurred. Second the function of H202 is removing the PR fringe (half UV exposure zone on PR(PVA)), Third the function of H2S04 is the catalysis of (COOH)2 In those, (COOH)2 was the main reason to make the Ni compounds. So to improve the solutions we had to change (COOH)2 to the other material. the chemistry we improved was a complex chemistry based on H2S04 . after using this chemistry the particles problem was disappeared and there was another advantage cut down the PR fringe. The New solution made the function of H202 better so the PR developing improved. To be direct the catalyst of the new solution helped the H202. anyway First thing after change the solution the quality of shadow Mask for flat color TV was improved & the yield also improved. But the more important thing is how to control the new solution. So we accepted the new concept which was the degree of freshness. The degree of freshness is based on non-reacted solution which was 100% ( the degree of freshness) and calculated the melted Ni quantity as time goes by. So we made the gauging liner plot. In conclusion, many companies tried to make fine pitched Shadow Mask ,generally to make quality jump up it needed a lot of cost & persons .in this case the shift of core material made it possible.

• 한국주거학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국주거학회 2004년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.111-116
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• 2004

This study is aimed to be used as basic data to plan Korean style cohousing for double-income families in the future by studying their lifestyle, housing needs and housing awareness on cohousing. The results of the study are as follows. 1) As for the life style of the subject families, it was a housewife that mainly does the household affairs despite of the status of double-income family. Also, as for the social activity, almost half of the respondents said that the spending in child-care facilities was not sufficient and wanted to send their children to ones within their neighborhood. 2) As far as housing awareness on cohousing concerned, among specific items, the child care area, the household affairs division area, and participatory awareness of residents in housing planning and management got higher scores, while as for awareness on utilizing common space, using the common hobby rooms, promenades and benches, exercise facilities, common yard, and study rooms got higher scores. When asked about the necessity for cohousing in Korea, they gave very positive answers, but the answer to their willingness to reside in it was less positive. 3) Summarizing the housing needs on cohousing, it turned out that more people wanted to reside in suburban area with others having common grounds with them as for a desirable residence environment. They wanted the neighborhood to be composed of 10${\sim}$29 families, and medium-density semi-detached house occupied by owners. They wanted a mixture of independent management and entrust management for managing common facilities, and common meal once a week. They wanted indoor exercise facilities to be more extended than other common facilities, and the house of $100m^{2}{\sim}130m^{2}$ with 3 bedrooms, 2 bath rooms, and a large living room and dining room.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.195-209
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• 1991

When the porcelain fused to metal restorations were fractured at the metal interface, various techniques and materials for intraoral porcelain repair have been suggested. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of metal surface treatment method and water storage on the shear bond strength of four porcelain repair systems. : Clearfil(Kuraray), All-bond(Bisco), Superbond C & B(Sun Medical), Panavia OP(Kuraray). After the metal surfaces of the specimens were sandblasted by aluminum oxide or roughened by diamond point, they were stored in double deionized water(24 Hr., $37^{\circ}C$) and thermocycling was performed(24 Hr., 1024 cycles), and again half of specimes were stored in water bath(2 Months, $37^{\circ}C$). Mean shear bond strength and mode of failure were recorded. The results of this study were obtained as follows : 1. Differences were observed between the sandblasted and diamond - treated specimens in Clearfil, All-bond, and Superbond. No statistically significant differences were observed in Panavia. 2. The 2-month storage time significantly affected the bond strength of All-bond and Superbond. No statistically significant differences were observed in Clearfil and Panavia. 3. The failures were observed at the interface between opaque resin and the metal in Clearfil and All-bond. 4. The failures were observed at the interface between opaque resin and veneered resin in Panavia. The failures were observed at the interface between opaque resin and veneered resin in Superbond, but 40% of them were fractured at the interface between the metal and opaque resin after 2-month storage time.