• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.505-510
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• 2001

A total of 701 swine sera from 55 swine farms (Mar, 1998 through Feb, 2001) were nation-widely collected for the presence of antibody to porcine parvovirus (PPV) in sows and 30-, 60-, 90-day-old pigs. Sero-prevalence by haemagglutination inhibition assay with guinea pig red blood cells was investigated on the basis of year, region and season, respectively. In general, there was no significant difference with gradual decrease of passive immunity for the sero-prevalence to PPV in sows and 30-, 60-, 90-day-old pigs for the period of 1999 and 2000. However, regional variation was observed in the provinces of Kyonggi, Choongnam and Kyungnam, Natural infection of the virus in 90-day-old pigs was increased during the fall and the winter. Thus, it seems that the natural infection of PPV in growing pigs may be attributed to the increased outbreak of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndorme in co-infection with porcine circoviruses.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.295-302
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• 1991

From 1988 to 1989, 8 strains of canine parvovirus-2(CPV-2) were isolated from the fecal specimens from the dogs that were clinically diagnosed as canine parvoviral enteritis in the veterinary hospitals located in the regions of Taejeon and Chungbuk province. The biological and physicochemical properties for the isolates were studied. Among 62 fecal samples collected from the dogs with enteric diseases, 24(38.7%) showed the haemagglutinating activity to porcine erythrocyte ranging from 16 to 16,384 of HA titers. In cytopathological studies with CRFK cells, intranuclear inclusion bodies were observed in all of eight specimens with the high HA titer over 1,000, of which three specimens showed cytoplasmic inclusions concurrently with the intranuclear inclusion bodies. It was found that the isolates revealed the highest haemagglutinating activity with porcine erythrocytes and the relatively lower haemagglutination titers with the erythrocytes from cat and rabbit. None of erythrocytes from the other animals reacted with the isolates. By the cross-haemagglutination inhibition test for the isolates with the reference viruses and sera, the isolates were evidently identified as the strains of CPV-2. In physicochemical property test, the isolates were stable in lipid solvent, pH and heat treatment at $56^{\circ}C$ for 30 min, and showed the virus particle size less than 25 nm, containing a DNA genome.

• The Journal of Korean Society of Virology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.113-124
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• 2000

We had isolated 8 viruses from 91 specimen collected at southwest Cheju Province during early spring 1998 and 2 viruses from 9 specimen collected at Chung Nam Province during early spring 1999. To perform cross-reactivity among 4 mumps vaccine strains and 10 wild-type mumps viruse isolates, we immunized mice and took antisera against each virus. There were no antibody titer differences by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), but most isolated mumps viruses showed a little cross-reactivities with Jeryl Lynn and Rubini strains. It has shown similar result by haemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) test. These results show that 4 mumps strains used as vaccine have the protection ability against endemic wild-type mumps viruses. Also the SH gene analysis was performed to identify genotypes. Most isolated mumps viruses belonged to genotype D. These results indicate that endemic mumps viruses in Korea are different to ones isolated in Japan and China.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.67-83
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• 1997

In order to search for anti-influenza virus type A agents from Korean medicinal herbs, we selected 100 medicinal herbs, based on a review of the Korean traditional medicine books. Four of 100 Korean medicinal herbs, MM-40, MM-55, MM-63, MM-110, exhibited very strong anti-influenza virus activity. The fractions of four medicinal herbs, which had very strong anti-influenza virus activity, were tested for antiviral activity by means of Haemagglutination inhibition test(HTT), 40% MeOH fraction of MM-40, $H_2O$ fraction of MM-55, 20% fraction of MM-63 3nd $H_2O$ fraction of MM-110 had strong anti-influenza virus activity at the range of $78{\mu}g/ml$ to $156{\mu}g/ml$, 1.56mg/ml to 100mg/ml, 6.25mg/ml to 50mg/ml and $48.7{\mu}g/ml$ to $780{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. These results of HIT indicated that fractions of Korean medicinal herbs might inhibit either attachment of virus to cell surface receptor or penetration of virus into cell during the initial stage of infection. In the cytotoxicity of fractions against red blood cells, 40% MeOH fraction of MM-40, 20% fraction of MM-63 and $H_2O$ fraction of MM-110 showed cytotoxicity at the range of $78{\mu}g/ml$ to 10mg/ml, 50mg/ml to 100mg/ml and $195{\mu}g/ml$ to 100mg/ml, respectively, whereas $H_2O$ fraction of MM-55 did not show cytotoxicity. In order to establish influenza virus adapted animal model, influenza virus type A were passaged 3 and 4 times successively in Balb/c mouse. As a result, we had 4 HA unit titers on the 5 days of 3rd passages and 7 days of 4th passages after infection, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.162-183
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• 1990

From 1988 to 1989, 8 strains of canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) were isolated from the fecal specimens from the dogs that were clinically diagnosed as canine parvoviral enteritis in the veterinary hospitals located in the regions of Taejon and Chungbuk province. Studios on biological and physicochemical properties for the isolates were carried out. The results obtained by experiments are summarized as follows. 1. Among 62 fecal samples collected from the dogs with enteric diseases, 24 (38.7%) showed the haemagglutinating activity against porcine erythrocyte, ranging from 16 to 16, 384 of HA titers. 2. When 8 fecal specimens with high HA titer over 1, 000 were inocultated into CRFX cells, intranuclear inclusion bodies were obseverd in all of eight specimens, of w)lick three specimens showed cytoplasmic inclusions concurrently with the intranuclear inclusion bodies. 3. In study on species-specificity of haemagglutinating activity of the isolates, TJ-89-1 and TJ-89-2, it was found that the isolates revealed the highest haemagglutinating activity with porcine erythrocytes, showing the relatively lower haemagglutination titers with the erythrocytes from cat and rabbit. None of erythrocytes from other animals reacted with the isolates. 4. By the cross-haemagglutination inhibition test of the Isolates with reference viruses and sera, the Isolates were evidently identified as the strains of canine parvovirus-2. 5. In Physicochemical property test, it was evident that the isolates were stable in, lipid solvent, pH and heat treatment at $56^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. and contain DNA genome. 6. When seven puppies were inoculated intraorally with the isolate at HA titer of 8, 192, all of the puppies showed the symptoms of anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea and died at the 5th to 10th days post inoculation(pi). The fecal samples from all of the puppies revealed significantly high HA titers afterward the 5th days pi. Body temperature and the number of total leucocytes were slightly increased at the early stage of infection. but extremely decreased at the stage of collapse. HI titers of the sera started to increase at the 2nd to 3rd days pi reaching 512 to 1, 024 at the 4th to 5th day pi.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.82-86
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• 2000

To evaluate anti-influenza virus activity of 113 specimens of Korean traditional medicine both water and methanol extracts were examined using haemagglutination inhibition test. The water extract from Citrus junos was found to inhibit influenza virus A/Taiwan/l/86(H1N1). The survival rates of virus were determined by in situ cellular enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The water extract of Citrus junos was fractionated by chromatographic separating using Amberlite XAD-4, 40% MeOH and 60% MeOH layer had antiviral activity. The half inhibition concentration $(IC_{50})$ of 40% MeOH layer on survival of influenza virus was $MIC>361.5{\mu}g/ml$ and $IC_{50}$ value of fr. 40-4 fractionated from 40% MeOH layer was $677.19{\mu}g/ml$. These results suggested that the fractions of Citus junos have potent anti-influenza A virus activity.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.60-66
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• 1983

Monoclonal antibodies against Taka virus, a variant of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), were produced to compare the antigenicites of several avian paramyxoviruses including NDV. It was also used to study the activesite(s) of haemagglutin (HA) and neuraminidase activities of NDV. Five independent hybrid cell lines, which produced monoclonal antibodies against haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) molecule of Taka virus, were established. From the results of the cross haemagglutination-inhibition(HI) test the monoclonal antibodies, the HN molecule of Taka virus seemed to have at least three different antigenic determinats; one was specific for all NDV strain tested, the second was only for Taka virus and the third was for Take virus, Banger and Yucaipa Furthermore the differences in the ratio of HI to neuraminidase-inhibition titers suggested that the active sites involved in HA and neuraminidase activities might be different from each other. However, since each of five monoclonal anitbodies was not especially specific for either HA or neuraminidase, the possibility that a single active site on the HN molecule may be responsible for both activities has not been excluded.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.11-18
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• 2003

A total of 1,024 sera were collected from cattle(227), pigs(465), chickens(257) and dogs(75) raised or slaughtered in Daejeon metropolitan city from April to September 2002. Japanses encephalitis virus(JEV) antibodies in sera were detected by the haemagglutination inhibition test. The prevalence rates of JEV antibodies were 99.1 %, 54.0 %, 63.0 % and 98.7 % in cattle, pigs, chickens and dogs, respectively. In case of cattle and dogs, the monthly antibody-positive rates were as high as 85.7∼100.0 % and there were no differences among six months. In case of pigs, the monthly antibody-positive rate showed the lowest in April(6.4 %) and the highest in July(100.0 %) and it remained above 50 % during the summer-time. In case of chickens, the monthly antibody-positive rate was 100.0 % in July & August, 80.5 % in June, 40.0 % in May, 7.5 % in September and 5.0 % in April in order and there were distinct differences in seasons.

• The Journal of Korean Society of Virology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.273-283
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• 1996

In order to search for anti-influenza virus type A agents from Korean traditional prescriptions (herb complexes), we selected 63 traditional prescriptions, based on a review of the Korean traditional medicine books. Both methanol extracts and boiling-water extracts were tested, by means of the Haemagglutination Inhibition Test (HIT). Three of the 63 methanol extracts: CM-22, CM-26, CM-48 (see explanation of nomenclature below), showed efficacy against influenza virus type ACM-22 showed anti-influenza virus type A activity at the range of $313{\mu}g/ml$ to $9.75{\mu}g/ml$, CM-26 showed antiviral activity at the range of $156{\mu}l/ml$ to $4.87{\mu}g/ml$, CM-48 showed anti-influenza virus type A activity at the range of $625{\mu}g/ml$ to $19.5{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. Three of the water extracts: CW-14, CW-34, CW-61 were active. CW-14 showed anti-influenza virus type A activity at the range of l0mg/ml to $78{\mu}g/ml$, CW-34 showed antiviral activity at the range of 10mg/ml to $625{\mu}g/ml$ and CW-61 showed anti-influenza virus type A activity at the range of l0mg/ml to $313{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. In order to determine cytotoxicity of each extracts, chicken red blood cells were incubated with the various concentration of extracts of Korean traditional prescriptions. CW-14, CW-34 and CW-61 did not show cytotoxic effect against red blood cells whereas CM-22, CM-26 and CM-48 showed cytotoxic effect against red blood cells at the range of l0mg/ml to $625{\mu}g/ml$, 10mg/ml to $313{\mu}g/ml$ and 10mg/ml to $313{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. These results indicated that Korean traditional pres criptions may be inhibit either attachment of virus to cell surface receptor or penetration of the virus into cell during the initial stage of infection.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.87-95
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• 1998

The present study was conducted to characterize maternal antibody status which haemagglutination inhibition(HI) titers against canine parvovirus(CPV) in the 15 puppies delivered from 3 dams. The range of HI titers of 5 puppies delivered from a mother dog(A) with HI titer of 1 : 1,024 were 1 : 16~1 : 64 at 1 day old before suckling, 1 : 512~1 : 1,024 at 2 days old after suckling, 1 : 512~1 : 2,048 at 1 week old, 1 : 256~l : 1,024 at 2 weeks old, 1 : 128~l : 512 at 3 weeks old, 1 : 128~l : 256 at 4 weeks old, 1 : 32~1 : 128 at 5 weeks old, 1 : 16~1 : 64 at 6 weeks old, 1 : 16~1 : 64 at 7 weeks old, and 1 : 16~l : 32 at 8 weeks old. After vaccination with DHPPL to canine parvovirus in 60 days and 80 days old puppies, 1 : 8~l : 32 at 9 weeks old, 1 :16~1 : 128 at 10 weeks old, 1 : 32~1 : 256 at 11 weeks old, 1 : 16~1 : 256 at 12 weeks old, 1 : 128~1 : 256 at 13 weeks old, 1 : 64~l : 512 at 14 weeks old, and 1 : 128~1 : 512 at 15 weeks old. The HI titers of 3 puppies delivered from a mother dog(B) with HI titer of 1 : 512 were 1 : 16 at 1 day old before suckling, 1 : 256~1 : 512 at 2 days old after suckling, 1 : 512 at 1 week old, 1 : 128~1 : 256 at 2 weeks old, 1 : 64~1 : 128 at 3 weeks old, 1 : 64~1 : 128 at 4 weeks old, 1 : 128 at 5 weeks old, 1 : 64~1 : 128 at 6 weeks old, 1 : 16 at 7 weeks old, and 1 : 8 at 8 weeks old. After vaccination with DHPPL to canine parvovirus in 60 day and 80 days old puppies, < : 8~l : 8 at 9 weeks old, < : 8 ~1 : 16 at 10 weeksold, 1 : 64~1 : 128 at 11 weeks old, and 1 : 256~1 : 512 at 12 weeks old. The HI titers of 7 puppies delivered from mother dog(C) with Hl titer 1 : 1,024 were 1 : 512~1 : 1,024 at 2 days old after suckling, 1 : 256~1 : 1,024 at 1 week old, 1 : 256~l : 1,024 at 2 weeks old, 1 : 64~1 : 512 at 3 weeks old, 1 : 64~1 : 512 at 4weeks old, 1 : 8~l : 64 at 5 weeks old, 1 : 8~1 : 64 at 6weeks old, 1 : 8~1 : 32 at 7 weeks old, and < : 8~1 : 8 at 8 weeks old. Antibody to CPV was transferred mainly from mother to progeny through the colostrum and the transferred maternal antibody was in proportion to the HI titer of the mother As the HI titer of maternal antibody in puppies was low, puppies have a rapid immune response and a massive rise in HI titer to vaccination against CPV compared with puppies haying high level of maternal antibody.