• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.29-41
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• 2020

Wild pollinators provide important pollination services for crops. However, their geographical ranges and impact on pollination services have not been fully explored within the scope of Korean agricultural land. This study aims to identify spatial supply-demand mismatches across orchard fields in the context of assessing pollination service risk. We first used National Ecosystem Survey data and a species distribution model (MaxEnt) to develop the geographic range of each of 32 wild pollinators belonging to three families (Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Lepidoptera). We then summed the modeled presence probability of each species to obtain a measure of spatially explicit pollinator richness. This modeled richness, defined as pollination supply, was compared with the summed area of orchard fields at the municipal boundary level to identify areas with supply-demand mismatches. The study found that Lepidoptera showed the highest species richness (8.3±1.5), followed by Hymenoptera (4.3±0.8) and Diptera (3.5±0.8) species. Median orchard area was 1.5 ㎢ (range of 0-176.7 ㎢) among 250 municipal regions in South Korea. The municipal regions were divided into three categories (tertiles) of low, middle, and high pollination supply and demand according to, respectivley, average polliator richness and orhard area. Finally, we found that 55 municipal regions (accounting for 49% of national orchard land) potentially faced high risk of pollination deficits, 81 regions (48% of national orchard land) faced intermediate risk, and 63 regions faced low risk (3% of national orchard land). In conclusion, this study revealed significant mismatch between pollination supply and demand and developed risk assessment map will guide our future efforts on pollinator habitat conservation and monitoring to conserve crop pollination services.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.519-533
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• 2003

The U.S. Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) resulted in the conversion of approximately 14.8 million ha(36.5 million acres) of cropland to grassland, woodland, and other conservation uses throughout the U.S. between 1986 and 1992. One of the major results of CRP has been the addition of millions of hectares of potential wildlife habitat. primarily as grassland. In this study, we examined regional changes in landscape structure caused by the introduction of CRP. Utilizing multi-seasonal Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery, we produced maps of cropland and grassland for the pre- and post- CRP enrollment periods for a six-county region in southwest Kansas. We then applied post-classification differencing to identify regions of cropland that had been converted to CRP. Using the FRAGSTATS spatial pattern analysis program, we calculated a variety of spatial statistics to analyze changes in landscape structure due to CRP. The major impact of CRP in the six-county study area has been the reversal of an overall trend of grassland habitat fragmentation. From the standpoint of potential wildlife habitat, the introduction of CRP has greatly increased the number of patches, mean patch size, and the interior or core area of grassland patches. In addition, CRP has increased connectivity and aggregation between grassland patches, potentially important factors for species of conservation interest, particularly those that require larger expanses of unbroken habitat. Finally, the distance between neighboring patches of grassland has decreased, reducing travel distance between patches. Clearly, the introduction of CRP has substantially modified the spatial structure of the southwest Kansas landscape, with important implications for wildlife habitat.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.57-74
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• 2022

Seed zones were constructed using temperature and precipitation data for the Korean Peninsula and were described as 65 zones. Seed zones for South Korea were reclassified, and they were classified into 34 districts. This study was conducted to define the spread of 5 native seed species (Pinus densiflora, Quercus acutissima, Quercus variabilis, Acer pictum, Carpinus tschonoskii) by linking the seed zones with MaxEnt. The emergence point of native seeds was acquired through the 1:5,000 Forest Type Map and the 4th national natural environment survey data. Based on the MaxEnt result, regions with a habitat probability of 0.5 or more were extracted and overlapped with seed zones to identify the native seed habitat. After analyzing the climate regions with high habitat density, regions with high habitat density of native seeds for each administrative district were identified. In the case of Pinus densiflora, Quercus acutissima, and Quercus variabilis, the Winter minimum temperature(WMT) -9.4~-6.6℃, Annual Heat:Moisture(AH:M) 19~24℃/m was 37%, 43%, and 34%, respectively. occupied the largest area. In Acer pictum, WMT -6.6~-3.8℃ and AH:M 16~19℃/m accounted for 42% of the area, and Carpinus tschonoskii had WMT -3.8~-1.1℃, AH:M <16℃/m Districts accounted for the largest area at 33%. The regions with high density of Pinus densiflora, Quercus acutissima, and Quercus variabilis by administrative district were distributed in high density in Seoul, Southern Gyeonggi-do, Chungcheong-do, and Gyeongsangbuk-do. Acer pictum was distributed in high density in Jeolla-do and Gyeongsang-do, and Carpinus tschonoskii in Jeju, Jeollanam-do and Gyeongsangnam-do. Through this study, seed zones for each of the 5 native seeds were established, and it is expected to provide basic data for the management of native seeds.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.728-735
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• 2017

Many restoration projects are underway to revive disturbed streams. In order to achieve successful stream restoration, a variety of microhabitats should be created to promote biological diversity. Research on biological classification of microhabitats is essential for biological diversity. However, research on classification using only physical environmental factors has been carried out. The purpose of this study is to classify and quantify the microhabitat of the stream by using macroinvertebrates systematically. In this study, eight wadeable streams and four non-wadeable streams were surveyed to identify the benthic macroinvertebrates in these various microhabitats. Among the physical environmental factors (current velocity, water depth, substrate), the particle size of the substrate was the most influential factor in the emergence of the Habitat Orientaion Groups. Among the HOGs, clinger and burrower were highly correlated with physical environment factors and showed the opposite tendency. The distribution of clinger and burrower according to the physical environmental factors showed two tendencies based on the current velocity (0.3 m/s) and water depth (0.4 m). In addition, the particle size of the substrate showed three trends (${\leq}-5.0$, -5.0 < mean diameter ${\leq}-2.0$, > -2.0). Based on the abundance tendency of these two HOGs, the microhabitats were classified into nine types, from a eupotamic microhabitat to a lentic microhabitat. Classification of the microhabitats using HOGs can be employed for creating microhabitats to promote biological diversity in future stream restoration plans.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.957-970
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• 2016

This study diagnosed the status of marine environmental impact assessment(MEIA) for project near the habitat of marine protected seagrass species such as Zostera caespitosa, Zostera asiatica, Phyllospadix iwatensis. For the preparation of a marine environmental impact statement, different monitoring parameters are used without any specific guideline for the assessment of current status. And also, both tools and techniques for MEIA are needed to improve for implementing. The monitoring plans and parameters are not considered well with the accuracy of the environmental predictions and effectiveness of any applicable mitigation measures. This study suggested the reasonable standard of the MEIA for the conservation of the marine protected seagrass species which have the habitat located near affected area. The inshore seagrasses need to be monitored including shoot count based on the "No Net Loss of Seagrass" as part of the monitoring parameters to assess the status of marine environment of environmental impact statement. In a process of effect prediction, we suggested a concentration of 10 mg/L suspended solids which added by the new developmental project near seagrasses habitat, referring to study of overseas case. But a further study for an appropriate standard is necessary effectively. In a mitigating process, priority needs to be considered in order of avoidance, minimization, reduction, compensation. In a post-monitoring process, it is necessary to monitor the seagrass species abundance to identify the variation of b/a (before and after) project. And in a case of implementing transplantation, survival rate need to be included to determine a success of project.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.147-162
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• 2014

This study aims to provide the biological and geographical materials to identify the changes in population of Family Ardeidae included Egretta alba modesta, Egretta garzetta, Bubulcus ibis, and Nycticorax nycticorax and establish their conservation measurement in terms of the fragmented and deteriorated habitat by human development such as housing and park projects. Wonjucheon Stream was measured the highest species diversity since the survey site was relatively less interfered by the surrounding human beings showing lower disturbance elements. However, the closer the stream comes downstream, the more the artificial disturbance elements generate, confirming that the species better adapted to contamination grow in more density so that the species composition becomes simplified. It implies that feeding place as well as breeding-growing places is also more closely related to the changes in population structure and species composition of Family Ardeidae. The results of Family Ardeidae immigration in Taejang-dong, Wonju, among the other survey sites, revealed that a total of 231 came to the site in 2006; and 210 in 2011, showing more or less reduction in the population. In the mean while, Namyang-dong in Hwaseong City showed the continuous decrease in population number of Family Ardeidae with 135 before development and 60 during development, resulting in the number never growing but continuously narrowing over and over after development. As a result of surveying the number of Family Ardeidae that bred following the findings above, Taejang-dong in Wonju City had 4 species of Family Ardeidae being bred, however, showing the decrease in number of population from 998 in 2006 to 589 in 2011. Namyang-dong in Hwaseong was confirmed to have as many as 352 of the population in 2006 and 230 in 2008; after the deforestation on their habitat, they had not lived in the site any longer, suggesting that the development would significantly affect Family Ardeidae.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.21-31
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• 2009

Dipterans are excellent insects to serve as forensic indicators to determine the postmortem interval of a human corpse. Therefore, we undertook a study to identify the major dipterans that are attracted to and develop in vertebrate carcasses. To determine what dipterans occur in Korea, chicken carcasses were placed in various habitats including the forest, open field, stream bank, greenhouse, rooftop, rice paddy, Chinese cabbage field, vacant hut, and pond at different times of the year. The dipterans were collected at various time intervals after placement in each habitat until the end of decomposition and identified. Our results showed that 49 identified and unidentified dipteran species from 36 genera in 19 families were collected from the carcasses. Habitat placement influenced the number of species isolated from the carcasses. For example, 39 species were collected from the forest habitat, 28 species from the open field, stream bank, or greenhouse each, 16 species from a vacant home, and 12 species from the pond. The dipteran species that were collected from all habitats were Phaenicia sericata, Lucilia illustris, and Lucilia sp. in the family Calliphoridae and Boettcherisca peregrine in the family Sarcophagidae. Other dipteran species that were isolated depended on carcass placement that is, fewer dipteran species were observed from carcasses in the backpack and much more species were recorded from unburied carcasses than buried carcasses. P. sericata, L. illustris, Lucilia sp., B peregrine and an unidentified sarcophagid species were observed year round, but some dipterans showed seasonal differences.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.615-625
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• 2021

The coastal areas around Palau Island and Tonga Island, near the Pacific equator, consist of coral reefs, mangrove and seaweed. In particular, understanding the optical properties of sea surface water in coral reef habitats helps improve the accuracy of remote sensing based habitat mapping and identify tropical ecosystem characteristics. Here, we collected spectral characteristics of sea surface water of Palau Island and Tonga Island and analyzed the concentration of suspended matters, absorption coefficient, and remote sensing reflectance to understand the seawater characteristics of the coral reef habitats. Based on the results of the suspended matter concentration analysis, we developed and verified an empirical algorithm to derive the concentration from satellite data using remote sensing reflectance of three bands, 555, 625, 660 nm, showed a high determinant coefficient, 0.98. In conclusion, coral reef habitats in tropical regions are characterized by CASE-I water in terms of the marine optics with oligotrophic properties, and require monitoring using continuous collection and analysis of field data.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.331-338
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• 2022

The high latitude scleractinian coral Alveopora japonica Eguchi, 1965 occurs in high density in the shallow rocky subtidal in Jeju Island, forming coral carpets. Despite its ecological role providing a unique habitat for other benthic organisms, the benthic fauna associated with the A. japonica coral carpet is poorly known. To identify fauna associated with the coral carpet, we explored three sites dominated by A. japonica and one control site on northwestern Jeju Island in May 2013. Using SCUBA, we collected A. japonica and the epibenthic mega-fauna associated with the colonies in 1×1 m² and identified them to the species level. At a depth of 10 to 15 m, A. japonica colonies heavily covered the seafloor, forming a layer called a coral carpet, with a density of 94 (Keumneung-ri), 133 (Biyangdo), and 155 (Gwidok-ri) colonies/m². Thirty-four molluscan species were identified from the four sites, including 20 bivalves and 14 gastropods. The coral carpets were enriched with sessile bivalves compared to the control site, as we identified twenty bivalve and eight gastropod species from the coral carpets. Most bivalve species associated with the coral carpets had tropical-subtropical affinities, while gastropods were mainly subtropical and subtropical-low boreal species. Leiosolenus lischkei M. Huber, 2010, in the family Mytilidae and Barbatia steamsi (Pilsbry, 1895), in the family Arcidae, were the two most abundant bivalve species in the coral carpet, L. lischkei being a borer, and B. stearnsi a nestler. The tropical to subtropical Pacific star shell Astralium haematragum (Menke, 1829)was the most abundant gastropod at the study sites. The bivalves and gastropods associated with the coral carpet were small-sized juveniles or sub-adults, suggesting that the coral carpet provides a micro-habitat for the bivalves and gastropods.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.54-61
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• 2022

Background: In South Korea, African swine fever virus (ASFV) has spread among wild boars through Gangwon-do to Dangyang-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do on the southern border of Gangwon-do. To prevent the spread of ASFV to African swine fever (ASF)-free areas, it is necessary to identify areas with a high probability of finding ASFV-infected carcasses and to reduce the density of wild boars in those areas. In this study, we described the propagation trend of ASFV among wild boars, constructed the habitat suitability maps for ASFV-infected carcasses, and suggested areas with a high probability of finding ASFV-infected carcasses and an important route of ASFV transmission. Results: Despite the active quarantine policies in Korea to prevent the spread of ASFV through wild boars, there was no significant difference in the monthly average of number of ASFV-infected carcasses observed between 2020 and 2021. The ASFV-infected carcasses were found more in winter and spring (January to April). Since the first ASF outbreak in wild boars on October 2, 2019, the maximum width of ASFV-infected carcass distribution area was 222.7 km for about 26 months till November 20, 2021. The habitat suitability map, based on GPS coordinates of ASFV-infected wild boar carcasses, shows that highly detectable areas of ASFV-infected carcasses were sporadically dispersed in western and southwestern parts of Gangwon-do, and ranged from north to south of the province along the Baekdudaegan Mountains, whereas poorly detectable areas ranged along the north to the south in the middle parts of the province. Conclusions: Our suitability model, based on the GPS coordinates of ASFV-infected carcasses, identifies potential habitats where ASFV-infected carcasses are likely to be found and ponential routes where ASFV is likely to spread. Among ASF-free areas, the areas with high suitability predicted in this study should be given priority as survey areas to find ASFV-infected carcasses and hunting areas to reduce wild boar populations.