• Proceedings of the SCSK Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.85-96
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• 2003

Normal human skin, constantly challenged by environmental micro-organisms, has an innate ability to fight invading microbes through antimicrobial peptides. These peptides, described in both plant and animal kingdoms are able to inactivate a broad spectrum of micro-organisms. Mammalian defensins constitute one of the most common antimicrobial peptide family. Among the three human beta-defensins hBD1, hBD2 and hBD3 produced in epithelia, only hBD2 and hBD3 are inducible and additionally have been described as expressed by differentiated keratinocytes at site of inflammation and infection. The aims of these studies were to define a cell culture model in which the basal production of hBD could be detected and up-regulated in order to enhance skin auto-protection against micro-organisms. A specific Polymerase Chain Reaction method have been developed for hBD2 and hBD3 mRNA detection in non-differentiated monolayer keratinocytes cell culture. We have been able to demonstrate that in vitro, hBD2 and hBD3 expression in normal human keratinocytes could be detected and enhanced by TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma, in hypercalcic culture conditions. This research opened the possibility of the development of cosmetic active compounds, able to induce the expression of skin natural antibiotic peptides responsible about microflora ecology of the skin.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.485-488
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• 2006

Allometric equations for biomass measurement of the shrub species, Lindera obtusiloba, were developed. The allometric equations between $(BD)^2H$ and dry weight of leaves ($W_I$), stems and branches ($W_{sb}$), roots ($W_r$) and total weight ($W_t$) of the Lindera obtusiloba were as follows: $W_I=0.7318\;(BD^2H)^{0.6108},\;W_{sb}=0.6067(BD^2H)^{0.8355},\;W_r=0.4524(BD^2H)^{0.7608},\;W_t=1.672 (BD^2H)^{0.7664}$. The $R^2s$ between $(BD)^2H\;and\;W_I,\;W_{sb},\;W_r\;and\;W_t$ of the Lindera obtusiloba were 0.9251, 0.9571, 0.9353 and 0.9546, respectively. Root weight of this Lindera obtusiloba was about 38% of the aboveground biomass.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2010

The spheric sintered body with $6{\pm}2mm$ diameter was manufactured in a rotary kiln at $1125^{\circ}C$/15 min using green body formed by pelletizing the batch powder composing of coal bottom ash produced from power plant and dredged soil by 70:30, wt%. And the physical properties of sintered body (BD) were analyzed to confirm the possibility for applying to an absorbent to restore a contaminated soil. The sintered body had a giant pore above 100 ${\mu}m$ and a fine pore below 10 ${\mu}m$, and bulk density was 1.4. Also its specific surface area, porosity and void proportion were $12.0m^2/g$, 30.1% and 38.2% respectively. The crushed body (BD-C), produced by crushing a BD specimen into an irregular shape with a aspect ratio of about 2, was similar to BD specimen at bulk density and pore size distribution. But it had superior values of specific surface area, porosity and void proportion compared with BD specimen owing to a decreased apparent volume due to conversion of closed pore existed at interior of BD to open pore during a crushing process. The IEP of sintered body occurred at about pH=5, so the optimum pH condition of reacting aqueous solution could be known before bonding a microbe to the sintered body. Hence, the optimum void proportion and porosity of an absorbent can be obtained by appropriate mixing a BD with BD-C from the base data calculated in this study.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.330-336
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• 2005

Lactococcus lactis A164 is a nisin Z-producing strain isolated from kimchi. Its antimicrobial spectrum has been found to be active against most Gram-positive bacteria tested, yet inactive against Gram-negative bacteria [3]. Accordingly, to overcome this drawback, the current study attempted to express human $\beta$-defensin-l (hBD-l), which kills both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in L. lactis AI64. When the hBD-l cDNA was introduced using a nisin Z-controlled expression cassette, the L. lactis A164 transformants grew very poorly, due to the bactericidal effect of the expressed hBD-l against the transformants. Therefore, a gene fusion system was designed to reduce the toxicity of the expressed heterologous protein against the host cells. As such, the hBD-l gene was fused to the DsbC- Tag of pET -40b(+), then introduced to L. lactis A 164. The transformants expressed an intracellular 35.6-kDa DsbC-hBD-l fusion protein that exhibited slight activity against the host cells, yet not enough to strongly inhibit the cell growth. To obtain the recombinant hBD-l, the DsbC-hBD-l fusion protein was purified by nickel-affinity column chromatography, and the DsbC-Tag removed by cleaving with enterokinase. The cleaved mature hBD-l exhibited strong bactericidal activity against E. coli JM109, indicating that the recombinant L. lactis A 164 produced a biologically active hBD-I. In addition, the recombinant L. lactis A 164 was also found to produce the same level of nisin Z as the wild-type.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.193-198
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• 2014

The quality and antioxidative characteristics of drinks prepared with different mixing ratios of black garlic and Oenanthe javanica DC., BD-1 (black garlic only), BD-2 (black garlic:Oenanthe javanica DC.=2:1), BD-3 (black garlic:Oenanthe javanica DC.=1:1), and BD-4 (black garlic:Oenanthe javanica DC.=1:2), were studied. The pH increased with the increasing concentration of Oenanthe javanica DC. extract in all the tested drinks, but the sugar contents decreased. The total polyphenol contents of the drinks were 28.48 ${\mu}g/mL$ (BD-1), 41.91 ${\mu}g/mL$ (BD-2), 42.36 ${\mu}g/mL$ (BD-3), and 46.96 ${\mu}g/mL$ (BD-4). The SOD-like activity was highest for BD-4 (18.60%), followed by BD-3 (15.53%), BD-2 (12.53%), and BD-1 (10.27%). The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was highest for BD-4 (52.51%), followed by BD-3 (45.70%), BD-2 (39.44%), and BD-1 (28.72%). The ferrous ion chelating activity increased with the increasing concentration of Oenanthe javanica DC extract, and BD-4 showed the best activities among all the tested drinks. The water-soluble vitamin content (vitamins B1, B2, B6, and C) of BD-4 (1197.77 ${\mu}g/mL$) was higher than those of the other drinks (BD-1, 213.02 ${\mu}g/mL$; BD-2, 477.87 ${\mu}g/mL$; BD-3, 914.72 ${\mu}g/mL$), and the vitamin C (806.21 ${\mu}g/mL$) content of the water-soluble vitamins at BD-4 was higher than those of vitamins B1 (68.04 ${\mu}g/mL$), B2 (312.51 ${\mu}g/mL$), and B6 (11.01 ${\mu}g/mL$). BD-4 showed the best score in the sensory evaluations, such as in the evaluation of the color, flavor, taste, and overall acceptability.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.46-50
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• 2013

Some rhizobacteria producing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase can make plant to continue growth under the stress conditions through lowering the level of phytohormone, ethylene which inhibits the plant growth and accelerates plant aging. In this study, some rhizobacteria producing ACC deaminase have been isolated from the rhizosphere of plants grown at sand beaches, and identified as Escherichia hermannii m-2, Enterobacter asburiae m-4, Pseudomonas thivervalensis BD2-26 and Pseudomonas brassicacearum subsp. neoaurantiaca BD3-35 through sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. Strain BD3-35 showed the highest activity of ACC deaminase among the isolates, 20.26 ${\alpha}$-ketobutyrate ${\mu}M/mg$ protein/h. Strains BD3-35 and BD2-26 secreted a phytohormone cytokinin, and strains m-4 and m-2 could produce auxin and abscisic acid, respectively. When these bacteria were applied to the 7-day old tomato plant under drought stress for 7 days, strains BD3-35, m-2, and m-4 increased the length of tomato root by 14, 15, and 35%, respectively, and strains m-2, BD2-26 and BD3-35 increased the dry weight of tomato plant by 22, 33, and 68%, respectively compared to the uninoculated control tomatoes. Therefore, these rhizobacteria may be utilized as a microbial fertilizer for the plants under drought stress.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.480-490
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• 2012

When interpolating chrominance signal, the H.264/AVC standard uses linear interpolation. In this paper, we suggest more effective method that uses a high precision filter, 6-tap FIR filter, 2-tap linear filter for chroma interpolation. The experimental result shows that the proposed method achieves the BD-Rate decrease without the PSNR decrease compared with Jm11.0kta2.7. The maximum BD-rate improvements on Y component are 1.3%, those of Cb and Cr components are 19.8%, 25.0%, respectively. The average BD-rate improvements on Y component are 0.5%, those of Cb and Cr components are 6.1%, 6.9%, respectively.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.1258-1263
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• 2012

2,3-Butanediol (2,3-BD) is a major metabolite produced by Klebsiella pneumoniae KCTC2242, which is a important chemical with wide applications. Three genes important for 2,3-BD biosynthesis acetolactate decarboxylase (budA), acetolactate synthase (budB), and alcohol dehydrogenase (budC) were identified in K. pneumoniae genomic DNA. With the goal of enhancing 2,3-BD production, these genes were cloned into pUC18K expression vectors containing the lacZ promoter and the kanamycin resistance gene to generate plasmids pSB1-7. The plasmids were then introduced into K. pneumoniae using electroporation. All strains were incubated in flask experiments and 2,3-BD production was increased by 60% in recombinant bacteria harboring pSB04 (budA and budB genes), compared with the parental strain K. pneumoniae KCTC2242. The maximum 2,3-BD production level achieved through fed-batch fermentation with K. pneumoniae SGJSB04 was 101.53 g/l over 40 h with a productivity of 2.54 g/l.h. These results suggest that overexpression of 2,3-BD synthesis-related genes can enhance 2,3-BD production in K. pneumoniae by fermentation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.9
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• pp.1270-1278
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• 2015

In vitro anticancer effects of black soybean doenjang on HT-29 human colon cancer cells were studied. SD (soybean doenjang prepared with nine-time baked bamboo salt) and BD (black soybean doenjang prepared with nine-time baked bamboo salt) were compared with CD (commercial doenjang). There were no significant differences between experimental groups in terms of pH, amino-type nitrogen, and ammonia-type nitrogen levels of the doenjang samples. BD showed the highest antioxidative effect, followed by SD and CD in that order. BD also showed the highest total polyphenol concentration of all samples. CD, SD, and BD extracts showed no toxic effects on normal RAW 264.7 cells at a concentration ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 mg/mL. BD exhibited anticancer effect on HT-29 cells by MTT assay. Also, BD manipulated mRNA expressions in certain factors; it suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines such as $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6, and COX-2, promoted cell-cycle-related genes of p21, and p53, suppressed expression of cyclin D1, and suppressed anti-apoptotic Bcl-2; such manipulation by BD was the strongest, followed by SD and CD in order. From the results above, BD exhibited the highest anticancer effects by inhibiting growth of HT-29 cells, probably by regulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, cell cycling related genes, etc. These results might be due to using black soybeans containing high levels of polyphenol, including anthocyanins.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.555-560
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• 2006

A bacterium producing novel lipolytic enzyme was isolated from house sewage and identified as Acinetobacter sp. BD5 based on physiological characterization and 16S rDNA sequencing. The lipolytic activity of Acinetobacter sp. BD5 was tested using an EL agar medium and CE agar medium supplemented with 1% tributyrin and olive oil, respectively. The formation of a clear zone around the colony was detected by agar medium supplemented with 1% tributyrin and olive oil, respectively and Acinetobacter sp. BD5 formed powder-like zone around the colony on LB agar medium containing Tween 20. The quantitative lipolytic activity was determined by using p-NP butyrate as substrate. Acinetobacter sp. BD5 secreted the lipolytic enzyme during exponential growth phase, reaching a maximum amount after 6 hours of incubation. The lipolytic enzyme was found to be optimally active at $60^{\circ}C$ and retained more than 70% at $70-80^{\circ}C$. It displayed a high degree of activity in a pH of 7.0 to 10.6, with an optimal pH of 9.0.