• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.328-338
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• 2016

Nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) is increasingly popular as a procedure for the treatment of breast cancer and as a prophylactic procedure for those at high risk of developing the disease. However, it remains a controversial option due to questions regarding its oncological safety and concerns regarding locoregional recurrence. This systematic review with a pooled analysis examines the current literature regarding NSM, including locoregional recurrence and complication rates. Systematic electronic searches were conducted using the PubMed database and the Ovid database for studies reporting the indications for NSM and the subsequent outcomes. Studies between January 1970 and January 2015 (inclusive) were analysed if they met the inclusion criteria. Pooled descriptive statistics were performed. Seventy-three studies that met the inclusion criteria were included in the analysis, yielding 12,358 procedures. After a mean follow up of 38 months (range, 7.4-156 months), the overall pooled locoregional recurrence rate was 2.38%, the overall complication rate was 22.3%, and the overall incidence of nipple necrosis, either partial or total, was 5.9%. Significant heterogeneity was found among the published studies and patient selection was affected by tumour characteristics. We concluded that NSM appears to be an oncologically safe option for appropriately selected patients, with low rates of locoregional recurrence. For NSM to be performed, tumours should be peripherally located, smaller than 5 cm in diameter, located more than 2 cm away from the nipple margin, and human epidermal growth factor 2-negative. A separate histopathological examination of the subareolar tissue and exclusion of malignancy at this site is essential for safe oncological practice. Long-term follow-up studies and prospective cohort studies are required in order to determine the best reconstructive methods.

• Korean System Dynamics Review
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.5-23
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• 2007

According to the system dynamics model of this study, if there is a significant network effect on vehicle operating costs, it is difficult to achieve the shift to AFV even in the long term without a policy intervention because the car market is locked in to the current structure. Network effect can be caused by an increasing return to scale in fuel supply sector as well as in maintenance service sector. It is also related to the fact that the reliability and awareness of consumers on new products increases with the growth of the market share of the new products. There are several possible policy options to break the 'locked in' structure of car market, such as subsidy on vehicle price (capital cost), subsidy on fuel (operating cost) and niche management policy. Combined policy options would be more effective than relying on a single policy option to increase the market share of AFV.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.819-837
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• 2014

Data centers, which implement cloud service, have been faced up with quick growth of energy consumption and low efficiency of energy. 60GHz wireless communication technology, as a new option to data centers, can provide feasible approach to alleviate the problems. Aiming at energy optimization in 60GHz wireless data centers (WDCs), we investigate virtualization technology to assign virtual resources to minimum number of servers, and turn off other servers or adjust them to the state of low power. By comprehensive analysis of wireless data centers, we model virtual network and physical network in WDCs firstly, and propose Virtual Resource Mapping Packing Algorithm (VRMPA) to solve energy management problems. According to VRMPA, we adopt packing algorithm and sort physical resource only once, which improves efficiency of virtual resource allocation. Simulation results show that, under the condition of guaranteeing network load, VPMPA algorithm can achieve better virtual request acceptance rate and higher utilization rate of energy consumption.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.25 no.6 s.53
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• pp.733-746
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• 1995

In narrow maxillary arch, midpalatal suture can be readily opened in growing children with maxillary palatal expansion. In adult patients, narrow maxilla is generally treated surgically because their growth are deemed completed due to their age. However, in patients under 25, midpalatal suture may not be closed. In addition, maxillary expansion may depend upon the closure of other maxillary sutures, which generally remain open at this stage. The present study attempted suture openings with palatal expansion on 5 female patients in their early 20's. The opening was successful in 4 patients, while only one patient showed no suture opening. In all 4 subjects, no discomfort or pain was present during s\expansion, and the successful suture opening was confirmed on occlusal x-rays. Therefore, for those patients with narrow maxilla in their early 20's, rapid palatal expansion or slow palatal expansion may offer a simple and less complicated option which, if successful, may preclude the need for surgery and thereby circumvent the psychological and financial burdens for the patients.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.3-25
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• 2013

This paper evaluates whether the proposed FTAAP is a desirable policy option for APEC member economies and the world economy. More specifically, this paper qualitatively investigates whether the FTAAP satisfies conditions for a trade bloc to generate positive and sufficient net trade creation effect. In addition, this paper estimates the likely impact of the FTAAP by using a CGE model analysis. From the qualitative analysis based on statistical data, this paper strongly argues that the FTAAP can be a desirable regional trade bloc able to generate positive gains from freer trade. From the ex-ante scenario analysis using both static and capital accumulation CGE Models, this paper concludes that the FTAAP has great potential for improving welfare of participating APEC economies and will boost economic growth in the region. In particular, the FTAAP would be even better if it can be linked with liberalization of trade in services and enhanced trade facilitation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Interior Design Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.158-164
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• 2006

Multiplex have many screen in one place and provide customer Multiple Entertainment Option. Today multiplex cinema is a new culture place for the public to approach most easily in Korea. It also gave a chance to recognize how important a popular culture place is. but it has a problem that this space wasn't designed for customer and don't have even a rest area for them as they focused only on economic growth. therefore, in this study, it point's the utilization of Service Areas problems and provide basic data of interior design for customer.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.389-397
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to examine the growth potentiality of the Easy-Order System in the domestic male business suit market. This study is based on a questionnaire survey of males, who usually wear a business suit in the work place, and females whose husband wear a business suit. The pertinently answered 108 questionnaires (males: 72 and females: 36) were analyzed with SPSS 8.0. The results of this survey were as follows; 1. Gender, occupation, and height of consumers had a considerable effect on their on their intention of purchasing a preference of this system. 2. Subjects, who were dissatisfied with the limited option of purching a business suit in retail shops, had a significant intention of purchasing a business suit through the Easy-Order System. 3. It had no effect on consumers\\` preference and purching intention of the Easy-Order System whether or not they recognize this system. And the Easy-Order System is not estimated to have major repercussions over consumers by now.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.95-101
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• 2007

The transport biofuel is emerging a promising option to realize the sustainable growth of our society. Two biofuels, bioethanol and biodiesel, are currently used in the transport sector. As the production of biofuels is getting activated, the stable supply of the feedstocks is becoming a critical issue. Active works have been carried out to secure the stable supply of the raw materials for the production of biofuels. One approach is the breeding of the energy crops to get higher productivity and / or the desirable fuel properties. The other approach is finding new energy crops which may not be used for edible purpose. First current aspects and challenging issues for the implementation of biofuels have been introduced. Finally the recent works and future prospects on the development of the energy crops are summarized.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.671-677
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• 2015

A novel phase interpolator (PI) based linear model of multipath ring oscillator (MPRO) is described in this paper. By modeling each delay cell as an ideal summer followed by a single pole RC filter, the oscillation frequency is derived for a 4-stage differential MPRO. It is analytically proved that the oscillation frequency increases with the growth of the forwarding factor ${\alpha}$, which is also confirmed quantitatively through simulation. Based on the proposed model, it is shown that the power to frequency ratio keeps constant as the speed increases. Running at the same speed, a 4-stage MPRO can outperform the corresponding single-stage ring oscillator (SPRO) with 27% power saving, making MPRO with a large forwarding factor ${\alpha}$ an attractive option for lower power applications.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.42 no.8 s.423
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• pp.514-522
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• 2004

Clinicians often meet the growing patient who is not treated with fixed prosthesis until alveolar bone growth is completed. When both esthetic and function needs are important, and if proper donor tooth is present, the application of autotransplantation may be better treatment option than space maintainer. Although prognosis of autotransplantation is not always favorable, it depends on the treatment design which is based on the ability of case selection and consideration. This report will present the clinical cases of autotransplantation in growing patient, and discuss about several clinical aspects of autotransplantation.