• 한국식물생명공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식물생명공학회 2003년도 식물바이오벤처 페스티발
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• pp.49-55
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• 2003

The morphology of the leaves and the flowers of angiosperms exhibit remarkable diversity. One of the factors showing the greatest variability of leaf organs is the leaf index, namely, the ratio of leaf length to leaf width. In some cases, different varieties of a single species or closely related species can be distinguished by differences in leaf index. To some extent, the leaf index reflects the morphological adaptation of leaves to a particular environment. In addition, the growth of leaf organs is dependent on the extent of the expansion of leaf cells and on cell proliferation in the cellular level. The rates of the division and enlargement of leaf cells at each stage contribute to the final shape of the leaf, and play important roles throughout leaf development. Thus, the control of leaf shape is related to the control of the shape of cells and the size of cells within the leaf. The shape of flower also reflects the shape of leaf, since floral organs are thought to be a derivative of leaf organs. No good tools have been available for studies of the mechanisms that underlie such biodiversity. However, we have recently obtained some information about molecular mechanisms of leaf morphogenesis as a result of studies of leaves of the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. For example, the ANGUSTIFOLIA (AN) gene, a homolog of animal CtBP genes, controls leaf width. AN appears to regulate the polar elongation of leaf cells via control of the arrangement of cortical microtubules. By contrast, the ROTUNDIFOLIA3 (ROT3) gene controls leaf length via the biosynthesis of steroid(s). We provide here an overview of the biodiversity exhibited by the leaf index of angiosperms. Taken together, we can discuss on the possibility of the control of the shapes and size of plant organs by transgenic approaches with the results from basic researches. For example, transgenic plants that overexpressed a wild-type ROT3 gene had longer leaves than parent plants, without any changes in leaf width. Thus, The genes for leaf growth and development, such as ROT3 gene, should be useful tools for the biodesign of plant organs.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권13호
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• pp.5421-5425
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• 2015

To evaluate the relationship between the growth hormone 1 (GH1) T1663A polymorphism, recreational physical activity and body mass index (BMI) with reference to breast cancer, we conducted a case-control study with 669 cases of breast cancer and 682 population-based controls in Jiangsu Province, China. A structured questionnaire was used to elicit detailed information. All subjects completed an in-person interview. GH1 genotypes were identified using PCR-RFLP methods. Odds ratios (ORs) were estimated with an unconditional logistic model. The distribution of GH1 genotypes was not significantly different between controls and cases ($x^2$=2.576, P=0.276). Results of stratified analysis by the participation status of the recreational physical activity showed that the persons with GH1 A allele were at a decreased risk of breast cancer (adjusted-OR=0.66; 95% CI, 0.50-0.87) only among inactive individuals. Stratified analysis by BMI showed that the genotype A/A was associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer only among individuals of the BMI <25 (adjusted-OR=0.80; 95% CI, 0.66-0.98). The findings of this study suggest that recreational physical activity and BMI may modify any association between the GH1 T1663A polymorphism and breast cancer risk.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.97-101
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• 2015

Background: The gene for the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which promotes angiogenesis and permeability, is polymorphic. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between +936C>T and +404C>G polymorphism of VEGF with risk of esophageal cancer in the Kashmiri population in India. Materials and Methods: 150 esophageal cancer patients and 150 unrelated healthy controls were genotyped for two VGEF SNPs (+405C/G, and +936C/T) using DNA extracted from prospectively collected blood samples by the PCR-RFLP method. Results: For the VEGF +936C>T polymorphism a significant association of CT and combined CT+TT genotypes was observed with increased risk of esophageal cancer (p=0.021; 0.024). For the +405C>G polymorphism we observed significantly increased frequency of GG genotype in cases as compared to controls and also the +405 GG Genotype was observed to have a two fold risk(OR=2.7356; 95%CI=1.1409-6.5593; p=0.020). The combined genotypes of GG-CC and GG-CT of +405C>G and +936C>T were found to be significantly associated with increased risk of esophageal cancer (p=0.0376; 0.0099). Conclusions: From the results of the present study a significant association of +936C>T and +405C>G polymorphisms with increased esophageal cancer risk exists in the Kashmiri population.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.21-29
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• 2014

Retinal glial responses to hypertensive glaucomatous injury were spatiotemporally surveyed. Retinas as a whole or vertical sections were processed for anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), anti-Iba1, anti-nerve growth factor (NGF), and anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ immunohistochemistry for confocal microscopic analyses. The optic nerve head of paired controls was processed for electron microscopy. GFAP positive astrocytes appeared in the nerve fiber layer in the glaucomatous and control retinas, changing from fine protoplasmic to stout fibrous parallel to glaucomatous duration. Iba1 positive microglia appeared in both retinas, and enormous reaction appeared at the latest glaucomatous. M$\ddot{u}$ller reaction detected by GFAP reactivity expanded from the end feet to whole profile following to duration in the glaucomatous. NGF reactivity expended from the end feet to the proximal radial processes of the M$\ddot{u}$ller cells in both retinas according to glaucomatous duration. TNF-${\alpha}$ immunoreactivity in the nerve fiber layer was stronger in both the glaucomatous and controls than in the normal, and exceptionally at the latest glaucomatous was even lower than the normal. The astrocytes in the optic nerve head are interconnected with each other via gap junction. These results demonstrate that astrocyte reaction propagates to the contralateral via physical links, and TNF-${\alpha}$ is correlated with NGF production for neuroprotection in response to hypertensive glaucomatous injury.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.50-55
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• 1979

인삼 nectar, 인삼추출물이 함유된 orange juice, 인삼 drink 제등을 정상식이에 첨가 (555 mg Ginseng extract/kg of diet, 1,110 mg Ginseng extract/kg diet)하여 이유 직후의 Sprgue-Dawley strain 백쥐 40마리를 8마리씩 5군으로 나누어 12주간 사육하였다 12주후에 체중증가율, 사료효율, 장기의 무게, hematocrit value, serum cholesterol content, serum GOT and GPT 활성등을 측정하여 정상식이군과 비교한 결과 체중증가율, 사료효율, 장기의 무게, hematocrit value, SGOT 활성등을 모두 정상식이군에 비해서 실험군이 통계적으로 유의차를 보이지 않았으나, s-GOT 활성은 대조군에 비해 실험군이 다소 낮은 경향을 관찰할 수 있었고, s-cholesterol 농도는 대조군에 비해 다소 높은 경향이었으나 통계적인 유의차는 없었다. 백쥐 각군의 간, 신장, 비장등의 조직세포를 검사한 바 하등의 이상 조직을 발견하지 못하였다. 12주 실험이 끝난 후 체중을 측정하고 swimming test를 실시한 결과 대조군에 비해 실험군의 수영시간이 연장되었으며 V군에서는 유의성있게 연장되었다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.413-424
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• 2022

Suppressor of mothers against decapentaplegic homolog (SMAD) 4 is a pluripotent signaling mediator that regulates myriad cellular functions, including cell growth, cell division, angiogenesis, apoptosis, cell invasion, and metastasis, through transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-dependent and -independent pathways. SMAD4 is a critical modulator in signal transduction and functions primarily as a transcription factor or cofactor. Apart from being a DNA-binding factor, the additional SMAD4 mechanisms in tumor suppression remain elusive. We previously identified methyl malonyl aciduria cobalamin deficiency B type (MMAB) as a critical SMAD4 binding protein using a proto array analysis. This study confirmed the interaction between SMAD4 and MMAB using bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay, proximity ligation assay (PLA), and conventional immunoprecipitation. We found that transient SMAD4 overexpression down-regulates MMAB expression via a proteasome-dependent pathway. SMAD4-MMAB interaction was independent of TGF-β signaling. Finally, we determined the effect of MMAB downregulation on cancer cells. siRNA-mediated knockdown of MMAB affected cancer cell metabolism in HeLa cells by decreasing ATP production and glucose consumption as well as inducing apoptosis. These findings suggest that SMAD4 controls cancer cell metabolism by regulating MMAB.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.47-52
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• 2007

천연 향미물질로서 솔잎을 이용한 닭고기 양념육의 제조 후 $4^{\circ}C$ 저장 동안 품질변화에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과 솔잎 처리군은 뒷맛이 깔끔하고 은은한 솔잎향의 풍미를 생성함으로써 일반적으로 대조군 보다 높게 등급 되었다. pH는 저장 6일 후 처리군과 대조군 사이에 유의적 차이가 없었다. 그러나 육즙유출 율은 저장 24시간 후 처리군과 대조군 사이에 유의적 차이를 나타내었다. 미생물학적 변화를 관찰한 결과는 Staphylococcus aureus의 양성반응을 나타내었으며, 위생적 닭고기의 생산기술의 적용 또는 양념육 제조과정에서의 교차오염(cross-contamination)을 예방할 수 있는 기술의 연구가 요구되었다. 솔잎처리군의 육색변화를 분석한 결과는 0.5-1.3% 솔잎 처리군의 Hunter color $L^*$가는 저장 6일 후 대조군과 유의적 차이(p>0.05)가 없었다. 저장 6일 후 0.8-1.3% 솔잎 처리군의 Hunter color $a^*$가는 0.5% 솔잎 처리군과 대조군에 대하여 유의적 차이(p<0.05)를 나타내었다. Hunter color $b^*$가는 저장 6일 후 처리군 사이에 유의적 차이가 없었으나(p>0.05), 처리군은 대조군 보다 유의적(p<0.05)으로 증가하였다.

• 한국전자통신학회논문지
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.745-750
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• 2013

최근 수행된 많은 연구에서 시설 하우스나 식물 공장과 같이 실용적인 원예 시설에 대한 환경 제어 시스템이 다양하게 제시되었다. 그러나 아직까지도 식물의 전 생장 과정에 따른 온 습도 등 제어가 제대로 되지 않아 성장 장해 및 병충해에 노출되어 농가의 적지 않은 피해가 보고되고 있다. 공기 순환팬, 산업용 제습기 등을 활용하여 대책을 마련해 보고 있지만, 기대에 미치지 못하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 주기별 생장 인식 알고리즘을 이용하여 각 식물의 성장 단계를 인식하고 식물의 성장 단계에 따른 최적의 환경을 제공한다. 주기별 식물 생장 인식 자동 제어 모니터링 시스템을 이용하면 식물의 생장에 필요한 최적 환경을 제공하므로 생산성을 높일 수 있다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제23권11호
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• pp.1560-1568
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• 2013

Salmonella, a main cause of foodborne diseases, encounters a variety of environmental stresses and overcomes the stresses by multiple resistance strategies. One of the general responses to hyperosmotic stress is to import or produce compatible solutes so that cells maintain fluid balance and protect proteins and lipids from denaturation. The ProP and ProU systems are the main transport systems for compatible solutes. The OsmU system, recently identified as a third osmoprotectant transport system, debilitates excessive growth as well by reducing production of trehalose. We studied a fourth putative osmoprotectant transport system, YehZYXW, with high sequence similarity with the OsmU system. A Salmonella strain lacking YehZ, a predicted substrate-binding protein, did not suffer from hyperosmolarity but rather grew more rapidly than the wild type regardless of glycine betaine, an osmoprotectant, suggesting that the YehZYXW system controls bacterial growth irrespective of transporting glycine betaine. However, the growth advantage of ${\Delta}yehZ$ was not attributable to an increase in OtsBA-mediated trehalose production, which is responsible for the outcompetition of the ${\Delta}osmU$ strain. Overexpressed YehZ in trans was capable of deaccelerating bacterial growth vice versa, supporting a role of YehZ in dampening growth. The expression of yehZ was increased in response to nutrient starvation, acidic pH, and the presence of glycine betaine under hyperosmotic stress. Identifying substrates for YehZ will help decipher the role of the YehZYXW system in regulating bacterial growth in response to environmental cues.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.81-88
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• 2010

Our objective of current study was to investigate the development of bone and heart in association with diabetes mellitus (DM). DM was induced by administering an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ; 60 mg/kg) to 4-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. Body weight and blood glucose were monitored, and rats were sacrificed after 2 or 5 weeks. The left ventricle (LV), including the interventricular septum, was weighed, and body weight and tibial bone length were assessed. Young diabetic rats showed reduced growth in terms of tibial length and body weight compared to controls. Moreover, diabetic males showed more significant growth suppression and reduced LV size than diabetic females. Morphometric analysis of tibiae from diabetic rats revealed suppressed bone growth at 2 and 5 weeks, with no difference between genders. STZ-induced diabetes decreased bone growth and retarded pre-pubertal heart development. As a result, diabetes may increase cardiovascular risk factors and lead to eventual heart failure. Therefore, new therapeutic approaches are required for diabetic children exhibiting growth retardation. Heart growth factor, exercise, and cardiopulmonary physical therapy may be required to promote heart development and physiological function.