• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.97-107
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• 2005

Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate correlation between short stature and obese degree. And we also wanted to know the characteristics of patients visited clinic in the name of 'short stature'. Methods Height, body weight, BMI, fat mass, lean body mass, percent body fat were taken intended for 236 patients in the name of short stature. To all the patient questionnaire for growth clinic was drawn up, and ultrasound scan was taken through calcaneous of the right foot. The patients were classified to three groups - short, average, tall group - according to relative position of mid-parental height. It was analysed that the differences between groups in obese degree. Also was investigated correlation between position of short stature and obese degree, and between obese degree and bony maturity. Results & Conclusion 1. The average ages of patients in the name of 'short stature' were $12.69{\pm}3.93$ years old in boys, $10.66{\pm}3.67$ years old in girls. And it seemed to be just before second rapid maturing period. 2. The average BMI were $20.58{\pm}4.07kg/m^2$ in boys, $18.65{\pm}2.85kg/m^2$ in girls, and average percent body fat were $21.99{\pm}7.35%$ in boys, $26.01{\pm}6.35%$ in girls. 3. The numbers of obese children were 34(31.2%) in boys, 19(14.9%) in girls on the basis of BMI. And the numbers were 39(35.8%) in boys, 53(41.7%) in girls on the basis of percent body fat. There was a big difference in case of girls. 4. The numbers of AG(average group) were 48(44.0%) in boys, 60(47.2%) in girls, the numbers of SG(short group) were 35(32.1%) in boys, 31(24.4%) in girls, and numbers of TG(tall group) were 26(23.9%) in boys, 35(27.6%) in girls. 5. There were no significant differences among the groups in BMI, lean body mass, fat mass, percent body fat. Only significant difference in DI(disease index). 6. There were no significant correlation between PH(percent height) and BMI, leanbody mass, fat mass, percent body fat. Only significant correlation in DI(disease index). 7. There were no significant differences between DA(difference between bone age and chronorogical age) and BMI, leanbody mass, percent body fat. Only significant correlation in fat mass.

• Archives of design research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.31-40
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• 1999

Because of the oocIear family due to the rapid industrialization and the growth of husband and wife bah working, the base of the tradition that the parents, all of the famly or the hamet oonmunity bring up the infants together in the important time to the infarts has been collapsed in Korea. Because working mothers camot bring up their children by themselves they got stressed and housewives do not have the oonfidence in rearing their infants and the fathers are isolated from home and the chikten instead of being exempted from the responsibility of rearing children. Therefore the common and comprehensive rearing system should be made for solving the child-rearing problem. For solving these problems and for the desirable infant-rearing and education, the joint irlart rearing, whidl compensates for the life, education and furthermore the sdlool edJcation through the volur1ary participation, has been prepared altematively. Compared to the traditional rearing system, joint infant-rearing is not only operated by the residents with the dues paid by the union members but also makes children experience the life force of natu"e in themselves. So the preparation of the standard of the suitable environment design for the joint infant-rearing is required which is diffrent from the traditional standard of the environmertal facilities for the traditional rearing system. The concept of joint infant-rearing was defind in this study through the reference and the ooncept of infant edJcation which is in operation suocessfully in Italy and Sweden in order to understand how the ooncept of infant education has changed as the ages have dlanged. And the basic principals for the formation of physical envirorvnert and the spare design and the envirorYnertal oondition for the practical environmental design was also studied through the reference. And after study about the concept. figure and physical environmental suggestion, the concept, standard and element of joint infant-rearing environment design was suggested. And as the final conclusion, the design requirement of the envirorvnertal design for the joint infant-rearing was suggested.

• Archives of design research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.373-382
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• 2004

Large sized buildings have proliferated in the modern world in order to solve problems caused by the growth of cities, and this trend has lead to diversity in style and utilization of interiors. In particular, wayfinding within the shopping mall for a customer is a common problem, so if customers do not have to face these navigational problems and could find the way more easily, then shopping mall or the store can expect much better profits. Therefore, directional sign system that can provide accurate and speedy information for customers with diversified ages, gender and knowledge is necessary. Firstly, the definition and element of all directional sign are analyzed through the existing literature survey. The elements are based on the practical elements and six categories such as type, pictogram, color, layout, form, and location were considered. Secondly, directional signs in large underground shopping mall was considered, and the speciality of the underground shopping mall was investigated, and finally top three underground shopping malls was analyzed. Thirdly, through the questionnaire, an objective appraisal of directional signs and problems was developed, and following possible improvement was suggested. This study has its own limitations since it is only applicable to the specific locations, however, directional designs will be useful in other types of buildings as well. Through the continuous studies of the users' psychology, these kinds of studies will be related to the environmental characteristics of various places.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.129-135
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• 2002

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and iron-deficiency anemia in pubescent children, susceptible to iron deficiency due to the high iron requirements for growth. Methods: Hemoglobin, serum iron, total iron-binding capacity, serum ferritin, and serum IgG antibodies to H. pylori were measured in 937 children (475 boys and 462 girls). Their ages ranged from 10 to 18 years. The prevalences of H. pylori infection were compared between groups, based on the presence or absence of anemia, hypoferritinemia, iron deficiency, and iron-deficiency anemia. The levels of hemoglobin, serum iron, total iron-binding capacity, transferrin saturation, and serum ferritin were obtained according to the presence or absence of H. pylori infection. Results: The prevalences of anemia, iron deficiency, iron-deficiency anemia, and H. pylori infection were 8.1%, 9.1%, 3.1%, and 20.8%, respectively. The H. pylori-positive rates in anemia, hypoferritinemia, and iron-deficiency group were 34.2%, 29.5%, and 35.3%, respectively, compared to 19.6% in the non-anemia group, 19.2% in the non-hypoferritinemia group, and 19.4% in the non-iron deficiency group. The H. pylori-positive rate in the iron-deficiency anemia group was 44.8% in comparison with 20.0% in the non-iron-deficiency anemia group. Hemoglobin and iron levels did not show any significant differences between the H. pylori-positive and -negative groups, whereas the serum ferritin level decreased significantly in the H. pylori-infected group. Conclusion: H. pylori infection is thought to be associated with iron deficiency in pubescent children.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.129-135
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• 2015

Objectives : In children and adolescents, the prevalence of overweight has increased in the last 20 years. little research is available on the prevalence of obesity in children with autism spectrum disorders(ASD). The purpose of our study was to determine the prevalence of overweight among a clinical population of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders(ASD). Methods : Retrospective chart review of children ages 3-18 years seen between 2012 and 2015 at a Konyang University hospital psychiatric clinic. Diagnostic, medical, and demographic information was extracted from the charts. Body mass index(BMI) was calculated from measures of height and weight recorded in the child's chart. The Center for Disease Control's BMI growth reference was used to determine an age and gender-specific BMI z-score for the children. Results : In our study, children with ASD compared to non ASD group had significantly higher BMI percentiles (p=0.032). The prevalence of overweight($BMI{\geq}85th$ to 95th percentiles) and obesity($BMI{\geq}95th$ percentiles) was 35% and 19% respectively in children with ASD and without ASD. Conclusions : Despite noted limitations, our data suggest that overweight and obesity in children with ASD are more prevalent than without ASD. Longitudinal and further study is needed to examine the factors associated with obesity in this population.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.315-322
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• 2021

The aim of this study was to investigate the sensitivity to environmental stress, and changes in the photosynthesis capacity in Abies koreana seedlings by age and to suggest the most effective age for restoration. To identify these physiological characteristics of A. koreana, the chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic capacity of 1-, 2-, 3-, 5- and 6-year-old A. koreana seedlings were observed from June 2020 to June 2021. The maximum quantum efficiency of Photosystem II (Fv/Fm), a chlorophyll fluorescence measurement parameter, was strongly positively correlated with the monthly average temperature (1-year-old seedling: r=0.8779, 2-year-old seedling: r=0.8605, 3-year-old seedling: r=0.8697, 5-year-old seedlings: r=0.8085, and 6-year-old seedlings: r=0.8316). The Fv/Fm values were the lowest in winter (November 2020-March 2021). In addition, the Fv/Fm values of 1-, 2-, and 3-year-old seedlings in winter were lower than that of 5- and 6-year-old seedlings, while the Fv/Fm values in summer were relatively higher than those in winter. Further, the Fv/Fm values of seedlings of all ages decreased in August 2020, when the monthly average temperature was the highest. In particular, 1-year-old to 3-year-old seedlings showed Fv/Fm values less than 0.8. Further, the photosynthetic capacity measured in August 2020 increased with increasing seedling age. The analysis of variance results for summer Fv/Fm values showed significant differences in age-specific averages (p<0.05), and Duncan's multiple range test showed significant differences between 5- and 6-year-old seedlings and 1-, 2-, and 3-year-old seedlings (p<0.05). These results suggested that the 5- and 6-year-old seedlings were less sensitive to environmental stress and showed better photosynthetic capacity than the 1-, 2-, and 3-year-old seedlings. Therefore, 5-year-old or older A. koreana seedlings can be used as restoration materials because they can show increased adaptability and stable growth during transplantation due to their relatively high environmental resistance and photosynthetic capacity.

• Korean Journal of Child Education & Care
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.129-140
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• 2019

Objective: Teacher's professionalism means the ability to apply the knowledge, skills and attitudes related to child care effectively to carry out the child care process. Depending on the professionalism of the teacher, the teacher-infant interaction may be affected and the job satisfaction may be different. The purpose of this study was to investigate the level of perceived level of infant teachers' professionalism and to investigate the effect of professionalism of infant teachers on teacher-infant interaction and teacher's job satisfaction. In addition, through this study, it is aimed to help the infant teachers themselves to measure their own abilities and qualities and to develop individual growth by recognizing the importance of infant teacher's professionalism in the daycare center. Methods: For this study, a questionnaire survey was conducted on 329 infant teachers who were in charge of the ages between 0 and 2 years. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS / WIN 24.0 program. First, the mean and standard deviation of the subfactors of the infant teachers were determined in order to know the level of professionalism, teacher-infant interaction, In order to investigate the relationship between the variables, we conducted a Pearson correlation analysis. Finally, Multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine the effects of the teacher's professionalism on teacher-infant interaction and subfactors, and teacher job satisfaction and subfactors. Results: Teacher professionalism was found to have a positive effect on teacher-infant interaction, and caring interaction and teacher-parent-community relations were found to affect teacher-infant interaction. In addition, teacher professionalism had a positive effect on job satisfaction, and child development, curriculum, and teacher-parent-community relations were found to affect job satisfaction. Conclusion/Implications: Influence of teacher-infant interaction and teacher job satisfaction is different according to subfactors of teacher's professionalism. In particular, this suggests that it is necessary to consider ways to selectively raise the level of teacher professionalism according to the situation of infant teachers in each region.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.10-20
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• 2019

Individual dental age is used as an index of chronological age estimation and is an important indicator of the child's growth stage. Dental age does change greatly over time, but it changes constantly. And updating information about this change is important. The purpose of this study was to provide information about tooth eruption stage using diagnostic model analysis and to investigate tooth eruption sequence and estimate chronological age based on this information. Tooth eruption stages were measured on a diagnostic model from 488 patients in 5 - 13 year old children. Based on the information on eruption stage, eruption sequence in maxilla was first permanent molar, central incisor, lateral incisor, first premolar, canine, second premolar and second permanent molar. Eruption sequence in mandible was first permanent molar, central incisor, lateral incisor, canine, first premolar, second premolar and second permanent molar. There were significant differences between males and females in the eruption stage of canine, first and second premolar, and second molar at several ages. The chronological age of male and female was estimated by the coefficient of determination of 0.816, 0.826 respectively.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.317-324
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• 2008

This study estimated the genetic parameters and breeding values for the growth-related traits of the 1st generation produced in 2005. The heritability of body weight, total length, body height, body shape and condition factor of 180 days old olive flounders Paralichthys olivaceus, the 1st generation of selection, was estimated as 0.564, 0.590, 0.588, 0.306 and 0.332, respectively. And reproductivity of genetic evaluation for crossing superior flounders and inferior ones was tested using the subsequent generation produced in 2006 based on the breeding values of 1st generation. In the least-squares means of body weight and total length for each group of crossing, the values of crossing group between superior flounders ($S{\times}S$) showed $145.6{\pm}1.8\;g$ and $22.4{\pm}0.1\;cm$, respectively. The values of crossing group between superior and inferior flounders ($S{\times}I$) showed $133.2{\pm}2.5\;g$ and $22.1{\pm}0.1\;cm$, respectively. The values of crossing group between inferior flounders ($I{\times}I$) showed $114.0{\pm}2.1\;g$ and $21.08{\pm}0.12\;cm$, respectively. In the results, flounders are determined as appropriate selective breeding fish with the high heritability of flounders in early ages at 180 days old, and the reproductivity of genetic evaluation was also high.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.975-986
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• 2003

Present study was conducted to investigate the effect of the level of concentrates and pasture grazing in 36 autumn born Hanwoo heifers(initial body weight, 119.7${\pm}$25.6kg) for 426d including 195d for a pasture stage. The animals were fed commercial concentrates at a rate of 0.5%(T1), 1.0%(T2), 1.5%(T3) and 2.0%(T4) of body weight, respectively, for pre- and post-pasture. 1. Mean daily gains by treatments were 0.348, 0.403, 0.450 and 0.501kg for T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively, indicating that increases in concentrates intake was associated with the daily gain of grazing Hanwoo heifers. However, the mean daily gain was the highest for T2 during the pasture stage. 2. TDN intakes per 1kg gain were, on average, 8.61kg for the entire experimental period and 9.22kg for the pasture stage, respectively. In addition, the rate of roughage to concentrate during the entire experimental period was 49.6 to 68.2%(mean 58.5%). 3. Age reached 225 and 250kg of body weight was, on an average, 15.1mo. and 17.6mo., respectively, indicating that increasing the level of concentrates feeding(by 0.5% of body weight) reduced the first pregnancy by 0.9 mo. Ages and body weight for first service were 19.5mo. and 272.2 kg, respectively. Mean pregnant rate of total heads was approximately 52.8%, but appeared to 66.6% for T3 and T4. Therefore, it may be concluded that the optimum level of concentrates for autumn born Hanwoo heifers is 1.8% of body weight for indoor feeding on rice straw-based diet and 1.5% of body weight for a pasture stage, respectively.