• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
• /
• pp.1525-1525
• /
• 2001

Non-destructive determination of soluble solids(Brix) in harvested fruits using near infrared(hereafter, NIR) spectroscopy has been reported by many researchers. We have just reported on non-destructive estimation of Brix in harvested melons using a NIR Systems Model 6500 spectrophotometer(Ito et al., 2000). There is a melon cultivar that is difficult to judge the harvest time from the external appearance. If we can determine Brix in growing fruits non-destructively in the field, immature fruits will not be harvested. A portable m spectrophotometer for field use has been just developed by Kubota Corporation. The spectral data of growing melons were measured by the portable spectrophotometer. A commercial program was used for multiple linear regression analysis. Brix in growing melons could be estimated by a multiple regression equation calibrated with harvested melons. Absorbances of 906 and 874 nm were included as the independent variables in the multiple regression equation, and these wavelengths are key wavelengths for non-destructive Brix determination.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제82권2호
• /
• pp.259-270
• /
• 2022

The paper investigates the residual stresses arising in a thermoviscoelastic cylinder as a result of layer-by-layer deposition of material on its lateral surface. Internal stresses are caused by incompatible deformations that accumulate in the assembly as a result of joining parts with different temperatures. For the analysis of internal stresses, an analytical solution to the axisymmetric quasi-static problem of thermoelasticity for a growing cylinder is constructed. It is shown that the distribution of residual stresses depends on the scenario of the surfacing process. In this case, the supply of additional heat to the growing body can significantly reduce the unevenness of temperature fields and reduce the intensity of residual stresses. The most effective is uneven heating, which can be realized, by the action of an alternating current with a tunable excitation frequency. The temperature and residual stresses fields on the growing surface is analyzed numerically for Titanium and Copper materials.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제49권3호
• /
• pp.330-336
• /
• 2016

Pollution caused by fecal solids released from recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) is a growing global concern requiring immediate attention. Thus, this study investigated the physicochemical characteristics of fecal solid feed from RASs used for eel and rainbow trout farming. The concentrations of proteins, lipids, crude ash, and moisture in eel fecal solids were 10.9%, 1.2%, 85.8%, and 72.2%, respectively, while those in rainbow trout fecal solid feed were 20.5%, 3.2%, 70.9%, and 87.0%, respectively. The control group was fed a mixture of sea cucumber and dried sea mud. The protein digestibilities of eel and rainbow trout fecal solids were 25.43% and 23.96%, respectively, while the respective lipid digestibilities were 35.62% and 36.80%, respectively.

• 산업기술연구
• /
• 제27권A호
• /
• pp.77-83
• /
• 2007

In this research, we have selected the region of Jawoon river that is the area of high land vegetable growing in the upper Soyang Reservoir and we have observed actual floating materials that generate negative nutrition and turbidity of the Reservoir water and the changes of water quality by raining of each month for one year of 2005 in order to monitor the relationship of pollution sources by the outflow of rain water. In addition, we also have conducted statistical inspection methods such as correlation analysis and regression analysis on strength of raining force and rain continuance time among the elements affecting the outflow of floating materials.

• 생태와환경
• /
• 제39권4호통권118호
• /
• pp.498-507
• /
• 2006

본 연구에서는 2002년 8월부터 2003년 7월까지 우포늪 수계에서의 이온농도, 부유물 농도 및 서식지 특성에 대한 계절성 강우패턴의 영향을 평가하였다. 총부유물질(TSS)의 공간적 변이는 하절기의 장마기간 동안 가장 현저하게 나타났다. TSS 중 무기부유물의 상대비율(ISS:TSS)은 크게 증가했으며 이는 상류에서 하류로 갈수록 증가하는 양상을 보였다. 이런 현상은 낙동강 본류로부터 역류하는 탁수에 기인하는 것으로 사료되었다. 장마기간 동안 ISS:TSS의 비율은 상류(43%)보다 하류(92%)에서 크게 증가한 수치를 보였다. 또한 투명도는 하류역으로 갈수록 감소였으며 (평균=0.13 m, 범위=0.08-0.21), 탁수는 조류생장 및 1차생산력에 직접적으로 영향을 미쳐 낮은 엽록소-a값 (범위=$4.2-8.6\;{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$)을 보였다. 2차 조사 시 ISS 농도는 평균 4 mg $L^{-1}$ (범위=3.3-4.8 mg $L^{-1}$)였고, 이런 값은 홍수기 조사인 1차 조사에 비해 14배나 감소한 수치였다. 한편, ISS는 크게 감소한데 비해 OSS의 상대비는 높게 증가했다. 이러한 현상은 3차 조사에서도 같은 양상으로 나타났으나 5월에 실시된 4차 조사에서는 상이한 결과를 보였다. 10개 변수를 기반으로 한 정량적 서식지 평가에 따르면, QHEI는 4차 조사에서 최대값을 보였으며, 2차 조사에서는 가장 큰 공간적 변이를 보였다. 결과적으로, 장마기간의 집중강우는 토평천과 우포늪에서의 토사 침전 및 영양물질 순환에 크게 기여하는 것으로 사료되었다.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
• /
• 제4권3호
• /
• pp.175-189
• /
• 2013

A membrane bioreactor (MBR) with sludge retention time (SRT) of 300 days was maintained for over 2 years. Polypropylene microfiltration (MF) membrane with pore size of 0.2 ${\mu}m$ was used in the MBR system. The fouling behaviors of various sludge fractions from the MBR were studied and sub-divided resistances were analyzed. It was observed that $R_{cp}$ was a dominant resistance during the filtration of activated sludge, contributing 63.0% and 59.6% to the total resistance for MBR and sequential batch reactor (SBR) respectively. On the other hand, $R_c$ played the significant role during the filtration of supernatant and solutes, varying between 54.54% and 67.18%. Compared with $R_{cp}$ and $R_c$, $R_{if}$ was negligible, and $R_m$ values remained constant at $0.20{\times}10^{12}m^{-1}$. Furthermore, resistances of all sludge fractions increased linearly with rising mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentration and growing trans-membrane pressure (TMP), while the relationship was inversed between fraction resistances and cross flow velocity (CFV). Among all fractions of activated sludge, suspended solid was the main contributor to the total resistance. A compact cake layer was clearly observed according to the field emission scanning electro microscopy (FE-SEM) images.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
• /
• 제9권2호
• /
• pp.23-32
• /
• 2006

Total suspended solids (TSS), five-day biochemical oxygen demand ($BOD_5$), total nitrogen (T-N), and total phosphorous (T-P) concentrations around and under a floating island were examined from October 2002 to September 2003. The island was installed in July 2002 on the surface of an agricultural irrigation reservoir located in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. It was composed of six polyethylene panels. Each panel was 2 m (length) ${\times}$ 1 m (width) ${\times}$ 0.02 m (thick) and had about thirty-two holes each with a diameter of eight centimeters, through which plant roots grew down into the water. Coconut fibers of nine-centimeters in height were placed on the panel, which sustained plants rhizomes and roots. Both the fibers and the panel were raped with polyethylene wire mashes. About thirty irises (Iris pseudoacorus) were planted into the fibers of each panel. The concentrations of TSS, $BOD_5$, T-N and T-P below the island during the iris-growing season averaged 9.70, 2.59, 3.61 and 0.14 mg/L, respectively and those around it averaged 9.99, 2.83, 4.07 and 0.16 mg/L, respectively. The average concentrations of TSS, $BOD_5$, T-N and T-P below it during the iris non-growing season were 8.68, 2.37, 3.25 and 0.14 mg/L, respectively and those near it were 8.76, 2.43, 3.34 and 0.15 mg/L, respectively. At a significance level of ${\alpha}$=0.05, $BOD_5$, T-N and T-P concentrations under the island during the iris-growing season were significantly low when compared with those around it except TSS. No differences in TSS, $BOD_5$, T-N and T-P concentrations between around and near it were found at a significance level of ${\alpha}$=0.05 during the iris non-growing season. The removal of $BOD_5$, T-N, and T-P during the growing season were significantly high when compared with those during the non-growing season. TSS abatement of the floating island was very low during both the growing and non-growing seasons. The island's reductions of $BOD_5$, T-N and T-P were good during the growing season, especially T-N and T-P, which have been considered as primary pollutant sources causing the water quality degradation of reservoirs. The removal of T-N and T-P was primarily attributed to the absorption of nitrogen and phosphorous by the irises during the growing season.

• 한국농림기상학회지
• /
• 제5권4호
• /
• pp.218-225
• /
• 2003

본 실험은사과원의 위치에 따라 국지기후조건이 다양함을 보여주었으며, 이와 같이 다양한 기후환경은 과실의 품질에 직간접적으로 많은 영향을 미치고 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 즉, 당함량과 anthocyanin 함량은 8월의 평균기온에 따라 다른 것으로 나타났으며 일정한 상관관계를 가지고 있었다. 또한 4월에서 8월까지의 평균기온과 과육의 경도 사이에 일정한 상관이 인정되었으며, 4월에서 8월까지의 최고기온과 Hunter a값 사이에도 상관관계가 인정되었다. 이러한 기후조건의 범위는 세포조직학적 특성에도 영향을 미쳤으며, 온도는 과피층 세포의 수와 크기에 영향을 주었다. 따라서, 사과 주산지의 과실 품질은 기후의 영향을 크게 받아 매우 다양하게 나타나는 것으로 조사되었다.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
• /
• pp.1154-1154
• /
• 2001

Near infra-red (NIR) spectroscopy has been used for the non-invasive assessment of intact fruit for eating quality attributes such as total soluble solids (TSS) content. However, little information is available in the literature with respect to the robustness of such calibration models validated against independent populations (however, see Peiris et al. 1998 and Guthrie et al. 1998). Many studies report ‘prediction’ statistics in which the calibration and prediction sets are subsets of the same population (e. g. a three year calibration validated against a set from the same population, Peiris et al. 1998; calibration and validation subsets of the same initial population, Guthrie and Walsh 1997 and McGlone and Kawano 1998). In this study, a calibration was developed across 84 melon fruit (R$^2$= 0.86$^{\circ}$Brix, SECV = 0.38$^{\circ}$Brix), which predicted well on fruit excluded from the calibration set but taken from the same population (n = 24, SEP = 0.38$^{\circ}$Brix with 0.1$^{\circ}$Brix bias), relative to an independent group (same variety and farm but different harvest date) (n = 24, SEP= 0.66$^{\circ}$ Brix with 0.1$^{\circ}$Brix bias). Prediction on a different variety, different growing district and time was worse (n = 24, SEP = 1.2$^{\circ}$Brix with 0.9$^{\circ}$Brix bias). Using an ‘in-line’ unit based on a silicon diode array spectrometer, as described in Walsh et al. (2000), we collected spectra from fruit populations covering different varieties, growing districts and time. The calibration procedure was optimized in terms of spectral window, derivative function and scatter correction. Performance of a calibration across new populations of fruit (different varieties, growing districts and harvest date) is reported. Various calibration sample selection techniques (primarily based on Mahalanobis distances), were trialled to structure the calibration population to improve robustness of prediction on independent sets. Optimization of calibration population structure (using the ISI protocols of neighbourhood and global distances) resulted in the elimination of over 50% of the initial data set. The use of the ISI Local Calibration routine was also investigated.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제12권7호
• /
• pp.1070-1074
• /
• 1999

Growth and feeding studies were conducted to determine effects of hazelnut kernel oil meal (HKOM) on growth performance (as protein efficiency), and milk production and composition. In the growth study, 24 individually fed Karayaka lambs (4 mo. and 25.55 kg LW) were used to determine protein efficiency calculated using the Slope Ratio Technique. In the feeding trial, 4 Jersey cows were arranged in $4{\times}4$ Latin squares experiment to measure effects of diets containing HKOM, soybean meal (SBM) corn gluten meal (CGU) and urea (U) on milk production and composition. Protein efficiencies for HKOM, SBM and CGM were found as $1.342{\pm}0.499$, $0.879{\pm}0.488$ and $1.833{\pm}0.893$, respectively. Milk production for the cows consuming concentrates, containing HKOM, SBM, CGM and U, were $13.97{\pm}0.99$, $13.20{\pm}1.09$, $14.86{\pm}0.68 $ and $13.06{\pm}1.23kg/d$ (p<0.01), respectively. There were no differences (p>0.05) among diets for milk protein content were statistically different (p<0.05), although milk DM and fat percentage as well as milk solids-not-fat and lactose percentage (p<0.01). The highest DM intake was associated with the U diet, intake was intermediate with the SBM and HKOM diets, and the lowest with CGM diet (p<0.05). In conclusion, there data may indicate that the HKOM is useful in diets as a protein source for growing ruminants and lactating cows.