• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.177-187
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• 1972

The effect of three different grains supplemented diet as a dietary carbohydrate source on the growing rat, growth, food intake, FER and PER value, excretion of urinary arid fecal nitrogen and glucose and the level of glucose and cholesterol in serum blood was studied. Forty males and same number of females of Albino rats weighing male $58{\pm}2g$, female$62{\pm}2g$ were divided into eight experimental group, five male and female in each and fed rice diet, rice supplemented with wheat and rice supplemented with barley diet for 14 weeks. Under this condition wheat supplemented diet group shows the best FER, PER and body weight gain value. Especially in female group shows better FER, PER and body weight gain value compare to control diet group. Under the male groups wheat supplemented diet group shows lower FER, PER value and body weight compare to the control group but higher than those of barley diet group or rice alone. In female group the nitrogen retention shows also highest value by wheat supplemented diet group. By male group the wheat supplemented diet group shows not better value compare to the control group, but higer than barley supplemented group or rice alone. The nitrogen excretion through feces was significantly higher by grain supplemented diet group compare to grain the 20% sugar casein diet. The blood cholesterol content was slightly decreased by the control group which was fed disaccaride, compare to groups which were fed polysaccaride. But the free cholesterol to esterified cholesterol ratio shows lower value by control group than grain groups except the 70% rice supplemented with 30% barley group.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.45-63
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• 1996

In attempt to determine radiation effect on the mandibular condyle of the growing rat, 27 white female rats (Sprague-Dawley) were divided into 3 groups and irradiated respectively 5Gy, 10Gy, 20Gy using MK Cell Irradiator. Mandibular condyles from rats on the day of 1, 7, 14 after the irradiation day were obtained, sectioned sagittally and examined by light microscopy, and thereafter middle portion through anteroposterior direction on the sagittal plane was selected to examine the ultrastructural change by transmission electron microscopy. The obtained results are followings. 1. In the proliferative zone some cells showed little organelles in case of 5Gy irradiation, in addition the number of degenerative cells increased and in case of 10Gy irradiation, and in case of 20 Gy irradiation total number of cells decreased. 2. In the hypertrophic zone, narrowing of width and partial disorder in hypertrophic process were noted in case of 5 Gy irradiation, and more prominent narrowing of width and more irregular disorder in hypertrophic process in case of both 10Gy and 20Gy irradiation. 3. In the upper hypertrophic zone some chondrocytes seemed to be dying and the polarity of nuclei could not be seen, if any. 4. The periodic observation showed the severest change at day 7 and the signs of recovery at day 14 after irradiation.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.119-131
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• 1986

The purpose of the study is to note the effects of the resection of the lateral pterygoid muscle on the mandibular growth in the growing rats. Twenty four female Wistar rats were used in the experiment. They were divided into three groups: group 1 ; bilateral sham operation group 2 ; bilateral resenction of the lateral pterygoid muscle group 3 ; unilateral resection of the lateral pterygoid muscle (The right lateral pterygoid muscle was resected and the left one was sham-operated.) Groups 1&2 were sacrificed eight weeks lateral and group 3, four weeks later. All specimens were measured with calipers, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Groups 1 & 2 were compared with each other. In group 3, the right side was compared with the left. The results were as follows: 1. In the growing rats, the resection of the lateral pterygoid muscle was followed by a decrease of the mandibular growth. After eight weeks, the condyle-mental foramen distance, the angular process-mental foramen distance, the size of the condylar head, the supradentale-first molar distance, and the diameter of the symphysis were significantly smaller than the control. 2. Resection of the lateral pterygoid muscle resulted in decrease of the thickness of the cartilage layer and the prechondroblastic-chondroblastic layer after four weeks. 3. After eight weeks, group 1 and group 2 were not different significantly in the histologic sections. 4. The condylar cartilage was stabilized eight weeks after the experiment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.63-68
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• 1987

The effects of various levels of copper(Cu) intake on the concentrations of copper, iron (Fe) and 3inc(Zn) in rat tissues were studied in growing rats. For different groups the drinking water was supplemented with 0(control), 25, 50, 100 and 200ppm Cu(as copper sulphate) for 1 day respectively. All animal groups were fed with the control diet (Cu contents, 12.8%mg/kg diet) during the experiment. At the end of the 4 week experiment, body weight gain was slightly lower in the Cu supply groups than in control group. Liver and serum Cu were significantly higher in 50, 100 and 200ppm Cu of male and in 200ppm Cu of female than in control groups. Spleen Cu was significantly increased by the supplementation of Cu. Liver and heart Fe of male and heart Fe of female were increased by incresing supplementary Cu levels. In 50ppm Cu group, liver, spleen and kidney Fe of female increased but the others did not. Fe of tissues was different in male and female rats according to Cu levels supplied. Serum Zn of male and female was significantly lower in 50, 100 and 200ppm Cu groups than in control and 25ppm Cu groups. When supplemented with Cu levels there were no significant differences among groups for liver, kidney, spleen and heart Zn as well as heart and kidney Cu.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.57-68
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• 1982

In order to investigate the effect of dietary protein and energy on growing female and male rats, Sprague-Dawley 90 female rats and 54 male rats of 3 weeks old weighing approximately 70-80g and 65-75g, respectively, were subjected to feeding trials for 8 weeks and then subsquently to metabolic trials for 2 weeks. Three dietary energy levels (3200, 3600, 4000 kcal ME/kg) were employed and each energy level contained three protein levels (15, 25, 35% of 3600 kcal ME/kg) and three fat levels (10, 20, 40% of 3600 kcal ME/kg) by addition of an appropriate amount of carbohydrate and the following results were obtained. The body weight gain of female rats was highest for LPHE ration but that of male rats was highest for LPME ration. The weight gains both of female and male rats were not affected by the level of protein. Food efficiencies both of female and male rats was affected by the level of protein, whereas that of male rats was not. Protein efficiencies of female and male rats were highest at low protein level and tended to decrease as the level of protein increased, but that of female rats was highest at high energy level, while that of male rats was highest at medium energy level. The analysis of the body composition after feeding trials for 8 weeks has shown that the contents of body water and protein were not affected by protein level both in female and male rats. The content of body fat increased remarkably as the protein and energy levels increased in case of female rats, but it was not affected by the protein and energy levels in case of male rats. From the above-mentioned experimental results it may be con eluded that the best formula of diet of growing female rats may be composed of low protein (13%) and high energy levels (4000 kcal/kg) whereas that for male rats may be composed of low protein (13%) and medium energy levels (3600 kcal/kg), since all the efficiencies of food, protein and energy have shown to be best at these levels.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.264-272
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• 1983

In order to investigate the effect of dietary protein and energy on growing female and male rats, Sprague-Dawley 90 female rats and 54 male rats of 3 weeks old weighing approximately 70-80g and 54-75g, respectively, were subjected feeding trials for 8 weeks and then subsequently to metabolic trials for 2 weeks. Three dietary energy levels(3,200, 3,600, 4,000 kcal/kg) were employed and each energy level contained three protein levels (15, 25, 35% of 3600 kcal ME/kg) and three rat levels (10, 20, 40% of 3,600 kcal ME/kg) by addition of an appropriate amount of carbohydrate and the following result were obtained. As the protein level was increasing, digestibilities of dry matter and carbohydrate tended to decrease whereas that of protein was slightly increasing. On the other hand, digestibility of fat was always very high regardless of the level of protein but that tended to be slightly improved as the level of energy or rat increased. The digestibilities of female and male rats tended to be same. The digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat and carbohydrate were 83%, 90%, 96% and 93%, respectively, and they were neither affected by protein and energy levels nor observed differently depending upon the sex. Nitrogen retention of female and male rats were best for LPHE ration. In other words, both nitrogen retention was improved as the level of energy increased and the level of protein decreased. The gross energy intake was high at low protein level in female rats and at medium protein level in male rats. That tended to decrease as the level of energy increased in female rats whereas that was not affected by the level of energy in male rats. The metabolic energy efficiency was highest for LPHE ration in female rats and for LPME ration in male rats.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.273-283
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• 1983

In order to investigate the effect of the combined dietary animal and vegetable proteins on growing female and male rats and mice. 25 female and 25 male rats of 4 weeks old weighing approximately 43-65g and 47-60g, respectively, were subjected to feeding trials for 4 weeks and then subsequently to metabolic trials for 10 days. In case of mice, 25 female and 25 male mice of 4 weeks old weighing approximately 12-17g and 12-16g, respectively, were equally treated. The dietary energy level was set as 3600 kcal ME/kg, and protein and fat provided respectively 12 and 5% of the dietary energy. The rest 83% of the energy level was supplied with appropriate amounts of starch and glucose. The following results were obtained. The body weight gain of female and male rats were increased as the combined dietary animal protein level increased. Whereas that of male mice was the highest for the diet E(Ap 10+Vp 90). Food efficiencies both of female and male rats were improved as combined dietary of animal protein increased. Male rats were superior to that of female. In the mice, the food efficiency value of male mice was superior to that of female. And the values of the male showed the same fashion as that in the growth rate, although it was not for the female. Protein efficiencies, both of female and male rats, were improved as combined dietary of animal protein level increased. That of male mice was in accord with the body weight gain and food efficiencies. But that of female mice was not accordant. Nitrogen retention of the experimental diets in the same protein level was in proportion to nitrogen intake. That of male mice was improved as animal protein level increased, but, that of female mice was not. Body protein utilizability was found to be superior in mice to rats. Blood serum protein level was not found to be affected by the experimental diets in the same protein level. The best combination ratio of animal and vegetable protein seems to be variable depending on the sex and species of animals, and the best diets for female and male rats and female and male mice were found to be experimental diet A(Ap 10+Vp 90) or diet B(Ap 75+Vp 25), diet C(Ap 50+Vp 50), and diet E(Ap 10+Vp 90), respectively. From the above-mentioned results that there was no difference in growth rate of body weight gain from the weanling period to puberty, and that the protein requirements of rats and mice were different from each other.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.341-348
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• 2011

Sloan-Kettering virus gene product of a cellular protooncogene c-Ski is an unique nuclear pro-oncoprotein and belongs to the Ski/Sno proto-oncogene family. Ski plays multiple roles in a variety of cell types, it can induce both oncogenic transformation and terminal muscle differentiation when expressed at high levels. The aim of the present study was to locate Ski protein in rat ovaries in order to predict the possible involvement of Ski in follicular development and atresia. First, expression of c-Ski mRNA in the ovaries of adult female rats was confirmed by RT-PCR. Then, ovaries obtained on the day of estrus were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis for Ski and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in combination with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL). Ski was expressed in granulosa cells that were positive for TUNEL, but negative for PCNA, regardless of the shape and size of follicles. Expression of Ski in TUNEL-positive granulosa cells, but not in PCNA-positive granulosa cells, was also verified in immature hypophysectomized rats having a single generation of developing and atretic follicles by treatment with equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG). These results indicate that Ski is profoundly expressed in the granulosa cells of atretic follicles, but not in growing follicles, and suggest that Ski plays a role in apoptosis of granulosa cells during follicular atresia.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.748-754
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• 2007

Electroacupuncture is the combined treatment of mechanical and electric stimuli on the needle head, on which electricity runs after acupuncturing at the acupuncture points. It is reported that its treatment effect depends on the parameter of stimulus, which is wave of stimulus, frequency, voltage, and duration of electric current. To get the effective treatment, stimulus intensity over threshold is needed. We planned to experiment whether acupuncture effect is affected by sex, age, and weight. After we conducted electric stimulus at Zusanli(ST 36) which is known to increase small intestinal motility in normal rats, we observed the effects and got the following results. Though the increased effects of small intestinal motility of electro-acupuncture at Zusanli(ST 36) did not show the difference of sex, this effect was observed to have a tendency to decrease according to weight increase without distinction of sex. But the effect of electro-acupuncture shown in 4, 5, 7 weeks old without distinction of sex was observed to have a tendency to decrease with the growing of weeks-old in the male rat group. And the significant change without specific tendency was observed in the 4, 5 weeks old female rat group. This result suggested that sex, weight, and age should be considered to get the efficient electro-acupuncture. The more experimental study should be advanced to investigate the correlation between the factors that can affect the acupuncture treatment, and, afterward, the interconnection into the clinical use.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.217-228
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• 1995

The study was designed to investigate the effects of progesterone on the reproductive system. This investigation was performed by immunohistochemical methods using anti-bromodeoxyuridine-antibody following bromodeoxyuridine(Brdur) injection for labeling proliferating cells in the uterus and ovary of rats. Sixteen female rats(Wistar), weighing initially 300g, were randomly allotted into ovariectomized and unovariectomized large groups. These two large groups were subdivided into three subgroups of control, 3-day and 6-day groups, respectively. 3-days and 6-days group were injected with 1mg of progesterone/rat/day for 3 or 6 days, respectively. In gross findings, the uterus of ovariectomized groups markedly atrophied, and were not hypertrophied by progesterone injection for 3 days or 6 days and the uterus of unovariectomized groups also were not hypertrophied. Labeling index(LI, %) was measured by counting the number of Brdur-positive cells from 300 to 3,000 cells per layer in the uterus tissue. The average LI of the uterus in unovariectomized groups was higher than that of ovariectomized groups. The subgroups with higher LI in unovariectomized groups were ordered as 6-day group, 3-day group. So progesterone considerably effected to the proliferating of the cells in the uterus of unovariectomized groups. The layers with higher LI in the uterus wall were ordered as the functional zone of endometrium, epithelial layer of endometrium, basal zone of endometrium, myometrium and perimetrium. The cell types with higher LI in the uterus of unovariectomized groups were ordered as the surface epithelial cells, stromal cells, glandular epithelial cells and muscle cells. Growing follicles with proliferating cells from secondary and tertiary follicles in the ovary of unovariectomized groups appeared to be 37.66% in control group, 39.23% in 3-day groups, 39.47% in 6-day groups. Mature follicles in the ovary were more number in control group than those in 3-day groups but not appeared in 6-day groups. So progesterone not nearly effects to the number of the growing follicles but appeared to be related to suppression of the development and protrusion of the mid-tertiary and mature follicles on the ovary surface. The cell types with higher LI in the ovary of unovariectomized groups were respectively ordered as granulosa cells, theca interns cells in secondary follicles; theca interna cells, granulosa cells, theca externa cells in tertiary follicles; fibroblasts, theca in terns cells in atretic follicles; fibroblasts, luteal cells in corpus luteum.