• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.1347-1367
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• 2016

The purpose of this work is to investigate the seismic behavior of St. Titus Church in Heraklion, Crete, Greece as well as the need of its seismic retrofitting. A numerical model of the Church is constructed using shell finite elements and it is then seismically examined using response spectrum and linear time-history analyses. Effects of soil-structure interaction have been also taken into account. The Church without retrofit is expected to exhibit extensive tensile failures and many compressive ones. Aiming to maintain the architectural character of the structure as well as to increase its seismic resistance, a retrofitting procedure involving injection of cement grout in conjunction with reinforced concrete jacketing to the internal side of the masonry walls is proposed. A numerical implementation of the proposed seismic retrofitting is performed and its effect is evaluated by response spectrum and linear time-history analyses. From the results of these analyses, it is shown that compressive failures are eliminated while only few tensile failures of local character take place.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.429-433
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• 2007

Cement mortar and concrete can be used as grouts but problems regarding shrinkage and the discord of coefficients of thermal expansion between grouts and HDPE pipes has to be solved. Thermal conductivities of wet condition two times larger than those of dry condition, except for pure cement mortar. The addition of sand into the cement grouts greatly increases the thermal conductivity. The addition of bentonite into the cement grouts reduces thermal conductivity thus reducing the density. Bentonite grouting must be used only below the groundwater table since bentonite grouts possesses high shrinkage property in dry condition. The addition of sand prevents the shrinkage of bentonite grouts. Bentonite manufactured in Korea can be used since they possess similar thermal conductivities with imported products. The addition of sand into the bentonite grouts greatly increases the thermal conductivity.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.257-264
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• 2017

The PC (Precast Concrete) construction method is a technique where concrete members that have been produced in a plant are constructed on site. Thus, continuity and secure integration of a structure that can be obtained by connecting rebars at splicing joint for PC members are the main areas of concern for this method. To evaluate the splicing and bonding performance according to application of a splice sleeve for connecting rebar in this research study, the diameter of rebar, development length, grouting strength etc. were set as variables. The performance and stiffness of splicing according to the development length of grout strength were measured and evaluated. In addition, by conducting comparative analysis on each of the variables, the factors that affected the splice sleeve for connecting rebar were discussed. The results confirmed that the strength and stiffness of the splice sleeve for connecting rebar were significantly affected by the development length while the increase in performance according to grout strength was not as significant.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.335-343
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• 2008

In order to improve the workability in erecting Precast Concrete (PC) members and enhance the seismic resistance capacity of the joints in PC moment frames, a new PC column and its construction process are introduced in this paper. This column is manufactured by centrifugal force in keeping the hollow tube inside; the hollow is little bit wide and the grout can be poured from top to bottom after erection at site so that more compact grouting is possible in horizontal joint. The repeated cyclic loading test for four full scaled specimens was conducted to evaluate the seismic resistance capacity of the joint designed by the proposed system. For the continuity of main reinforcements in column, two connecting methods are used in designing specimens; one is to use mechanical connector and other is lab splice. From the cyclic lateral loading test, it was found that the seismic capacity of the developed PC column joint is comparable to that of monolithic joint.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.42-51
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• 2018

Verticality problem during the installation process in offshore wind turbine substructures could degrade the safety of the whole structures. Therefore, in this paper, the design of vertically adjustable transition piece(T.P.), using a PS anchor and grout of anchor socket in concrete gravity based substructure(G.B.S.), was proposed. T.P. was designed for 5MW offshore wind trubine and can adjust up to $0.5^{\circ}$ in verticality, occurred during installation. The design plan for each members and design procedure for T.P. was proposed. Then based on the proposed design, actual design targeting sea of Jeju-island was carried out. Finally, by use of non-linear 3D Finite Element Analysis(F.E.A.), evaluation of design was performed. As a result of evaluation, by checking load transfer mechanism and stress of T.P, proposed design was considered safe up to $0.5^{\circ}$ of adjustment.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.345-349
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• 2019

In Korea, the mountainous area occupies more than 70% of the whole country, cutting of earth slope that cuts a part of the ground surface is widely used when building infrastructures such as road, railroad, and industrial complex construction. In recent years, regulations on environmental damage have become more strict, and various methods have been developed and applied. Among them, Concrete-Panel Retaining Wall technique is actively applied. Concrete-Panel Retaining Wall is a method to resist horizontal earth pressure by forming a wall by attaching a precast retaining wall to the front of the support material and increasing the shear strength of the disk through reinforcement of the support material. Soil nailing, earth bolt, and ground anchor are used as support material. Among them, ground anchor is a more aggressive reinforcement type that introduces tensile load in advance to the steel wire, and a large concentrated load acts on the front panel. This concentrated load is a factor that creates cracks in the concrete panel and reduces the durability of the retaining wall itself. In this study, steel pipe sleeves and reinforcements were purchased at the anchorage of the panel to prevent cracks, and by applying bumpy shear keys to the end of the panel, the weakness of the individual behavior of the existing grout anchors was improved. The problem of degraded landscape by exposure to front concrete of retaining wall and protrusion of anchorage was solved by the production of natural stone patterns and the construction of sections that do not protrude the anchorage. In order to verify the effectiveness of anti-crack sleeves and reinforcements used in the null, indoor testing and three-dimensional numerical analysis have been performed, and the use of steel pipe sleeves and reinforcements has demonstrated the overall strength increase and crack suppression effect of panels.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 1999.03a
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• pp.185-192
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• 1999

It had found that, as a result of cross-hole tonic logging test, concrete was not filled partially within the bottom 2.0 m of the large diameter (Ø= 2,500mm) rock socketed pile, MP20-P11(socket diameter (Ø= 2,200mm), which was a pile among piles group supporting a pier of Kwangan Grand Bridge. The pile was repaired by the combined cement grout injected through the pipes for the cross-hole sonic logging test and the bore holes for core samples. A month after the cement grouting, repairing was checked by coring and cross-hole sonic logging then 3 times of grouting and 2 times of coring were, in turns, peformed, then repairing was completed successfully. The vertical compressive capacity of the repaired large diameter socketed pile was evaluated by several formulas and software ROCKET, and was more conservative than design load (1,882 ton) of MP20-P11. It is expected that, in the case of the battered socketed piles, it could be more reasonable to analyze the behaviors of a battered pile using 3-D model. A 3-D analysis will be peformed in the future study.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.585-596
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• 2017

Tubular joints have been widely used in offshore platforms and space structures due to their merits such as easy fabrication, aesthetic appearance and better static strength. For existing tubular joints, a grouted sleeve reinforced method was proposed in this paper. Experimental tests on five tubular T-joints reinforced with the grouted sleeve and two conventional tubular T-joints were conducted to investigate their mechanical behaviour. A constant axial compressive force was applied to the chord end to simulate the compressive state of the chord member during the tests. Then an axial compressive force was applied to the top end of the brace member until the collapse of the joint specimens occurred. The parameters investigated herein were the grout thickness, the sleeve length coefficient and the sleeve construction method. The failure mode, ultimate load, initial stiffness and deformability of these joint specimens were discussed. It was found that: (1) The grouted sleeve could change the failure mode of tubular T-joints. (2) The grouted sleeve was observed to provide strength enhancement up to 154.3%~172.7% for the corresponding un-reinforced joint. (3) The initial stiffness and deformability were also greatly improved by the grouted sleeve. (4) The sleeve length coefficient was a key parameter for the improved effect of the grouted sleeve reinforced method.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.427-434
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• 2002

In Korea, there are recently many attempts to expand a temporary soil nailing system into a permanent soil nailing system since the first construction in 1993. In the downtown area, it is important that the relaxation of the ground is minimized in the ground excavation works. Due to these problems, soil nailing systems are often used the flexible facing such as shotcrete rather than the rigid facing such as SCW, CIP, and jet grout types in Korea. The soil nailing systems with rigid facings are used greatly however it is insufficient researches for design and analysis of soil nailing systems with rigid facings. In this study, various laboratory model tests are carried out to examining the influence the rigidity of facings on the global safety of soil nailing system, failure loads, displacement behaviour, axial force acting on the nails, and distribution of earth pressure. Also, the parametric studies are carried out for the typical section of soil nailed walls according to thickness of concrete facings and internal friction angle of soil using the numerical technique as shear strength reduction technique.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Geothermal and Hydrothermal Energy
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.8-16
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• 2012

The use of energy pile foundation has been increased for economic utilization of geothermal energy. This paper describes an experimental and numerical study on thermal response tests (TRTs) using W and 3U-shaped ground heat exchangers (GHEs) in precast-high strength concrete (PHC) energy piles. Ground thermal conductivity and borehole thermal resistance were measured and compared with those numerical analysis. W-shpaed GHE showed higher heat transfer behavior than 3U-shaped one because of different conditions such as pile size and volume of grout. That is, ground thermal conductivity using W-shaped GHE was higher than that of 3U shaped GHE, and borehole thermal resistance vice versa. The relative error of borehole resistance values between numerical and analytical solution was less than 5%.