• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.79-88
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• 2023

A 12-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of different stocking densities on the growth, body composition, stress, antioxidant status, and immune responses of juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Juvenile rainbow trout (32.2±0.5 g) were randomly placed in eight experimental tanks, each containing 2,000 L of water, at stocking densities of 150, 300, 600, and 1,200 individual/m³. The trout were assigned to four treatments (2.4, 4.8, 9.7, and 19.4 kg/m³) in duplicates. Following after the feeding trial, the fish cultured in the less dense group showed significantly higher growth and survival (P<0.05). In terms of proximate composition, the whole body crude protein and lipid contents were lower in the denser group (19.4 kg/m³). Regarding the antioxidant and immune responses, the fish reared in the relatively denser group exhibited lower lysozyme, immunoglobulin M, and superoxide dismutase levels. The stress indicators, glucose and cortisol, were significantly lower in the less dense group (2.4 kg/m³), while the denser group (19.4 km/m³) exhibited higher AST and ALP levels(P<0.05). The results showed that denser stocking has a crowding stress effect and negatively impacts growth and immune responses.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.659-673
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• 2023

Compared to infant formula, breast milk is the best source of nutrition for infants; it not only improves the neonatal intestinal function, but also regulates the immune system and gut microbiota composition. However, probiotic-fortified infant formula may further enhance the infant gut environment by overcoming the limitations of traditional infant formula. We investigated the probiotic formula administration for one month by comparing 118 Korean infants into the following three groups: infants in each group fed with breast milk (50), probiotic formula (35), or placebo formula-fed group (33). Probiotic formula improved stool consistency and defecation frequency compared to placebo formula-fed group. The probiotic formula helped maintaining the level of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), which had remarkably decreased over time in placebo formula-fed infants (compared to weeks 0 and 4). Moreover, probiotic formula decreased the acidity of stool and considerably increased the butyrate concentration. Furthermore, the fecal microbiota of each group was evaluated at weeks 0 and 4. The microbial composition was distinct between each groups, and the abundance of health-promoting bacteria increased in the probiotic formula compared to the placebo formula-fed group. In summary, supplementation of probiotic infant formula can help optimize the infant gut environment, microbial composition, and metabolic activity of the microbiota, mimicking those of breast milk.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.124-128
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• 2003

Background: Sasang Constitutional Medicine (SCM) is a component of Korean traditional medicine that classifies humans into four categories, according to their constitution (Taeyangin, Taeumin, Soyangin and Soeumin). We are unaware of previous assessments of SCM in non-Asian race groups. Objectives: To quantify body composition components in three race groups and to determine whether SCM has an independent effect on body composition components. Design: A cross-sectional evaluation of 76 adults (28 Caucasian, 21 African-American, 27 Asian). Body composition was estimated using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Results: SCM component had a significant effect on weight, fat, and lean mass regardless of race group (p <0.001).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.14-22
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• 1985

The effect of feeding Sequency on the growth and composition of individual organs in young and adult rae were investigated Young and adult male rats were received 20% casein diet by one-meal, three-meals per day or ad libitum for 24 days The rats were tilled and analyzed with regard to the composition of individual organs DNA, RNA, Protein lipid and water content of the liver, kidney, speen were determined In both young and adult rats, the body weight gain of the three- meal group was similar to that of ad -lib. group, but the body weight gain and food intake of the one - meal group were lower than those of others. In case of young rats, DNA, RNA and protein content of liver, kidney and spleen was less in one- meal group than in ad-lib group : their compositions per DNA were, however, similar in both instances In case of adult rats, the weight of liver increased significantly and their composition per DNA except lipid increased in one - meal group, but the total DNA content in the liver did not show any significant difference. The size of stomach and intestine tend to increase in meal -feeding group, but the serum cholesterol showed no significant change.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.137-141
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• 2007

This study was conducted to investigate the proximate composition and physico-chemical characteristics of Berkshire pork by gender. A total of 40 pigs(60 kg) were divided into 2 groups(gilt and barrow) and raised to 110 kg of live weight. pigs were conventionally slaughtered, and then chilled overnight. Pork loin(longissimus dorsi) muscle was removed from each left side and meat qualities were evaluated. The proximate composition was no different between genders, and the pH was higher iii the barrow group(p<0.05). The water holding capacity, cooking loss, shear force, and cholesterol content were no different between genders. With regard to meat color, the $L^*$ value was higher in the barrow group(p<0.05), but the $a^*\;and\;b^*$ values were no different between genders. The fat color was also no different between genders. The texture properties, brittleness, hardness, and gumminess of the gilt group were higher than those of barrow group(p<0.05), but cohesiveness, springiness, and chewiness were no different. In conclusion, the pH and $L^*$ values of the barrow group were higher than those of gilt group, and tenderness was higher in the barrow group.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.263-273
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the pattern of individual fatty acid intake and to compare serum lipid levels and total serum fatty acid composition of high school students in Seoul (total : 234 ; male : 91 ; female : 143) In serum lipid levels, total cholesterol (Chol.), HDL-Chol. and LDL-Chol. levels of female students were significantly higher than those of male students and there was no significant difference between High Fish ＆ Low Meat intake (HFLM) and Low Fish ＆ High Meat intake (LFHM) groups. The average fat intake was 22-25 energy % of total subjects and especially, that of LFHM group was 29%, which were over the recommendation level. Although the average P/M/S ratio of dietary fat was 1.1/1.2/1.0, the average range of $\omega6/\omega3$ fatty acid ratio of dietary fat was found to be 17.9-20.7, which was far beyond the suggested range, 4-10. The average intake of cholesterol of total subjects was 360mg. LFHM group had more meats and beverages such as carbonated drinks and tended to have less beans, vegetables and mushrooms. In addition, LFHM group had more energy and fat intake than those of HFLM group, the P/S ratio of dietary fat (0.73) was lower than the recommended ratio. Serum C16 : 0 composition of LFHM group was significantly higher than that of HFLM group, and EPA and DHA composition of HFLM was significantly lower than that of LFHM. Therefore, in HFLM group, the P/S ratio of serum fatty acids was significantly higher and the $\omega6/\omega3$ ratio was lower. Dietary C18 : 0 was negatively correlated with serum EPA and DHA composition. Individual PUFA intake was negatively correlated with serum C16 : 0 and sum of SFA, and positively correlated with serum C18 : $2\omega6(LA)\;,\;sum\;o;\omega6$ and sum of PUFA. Serum C18 : 1, C18 : $3\omega3\; and\; C20\;:\;4\omega6$ (AA) compositions were not correlated with dietary fatty acid. Only serum triglyceride (TG) levels were significantly correlated with serum fatty acid compositions. Sum of SFA, C14 : 0, C16 : 0, sum of MUFA and C18 : 1 compositions were positively correlated with serum TG levels, but LA, AA, sum of PUFA and P/S ratio were negatively correlated with it.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.673-693
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• 1997

In this work, the irreducible complex representations of degree 4 of $B_4$, the braid group on 4 strings, are classified. There are 4 families of representations: A two-parameter family of representations for which the image of $P_4$, the pure braid group on 4 strings, is abelian; two families of representations which are the composition of an irreducible representation of $B_3$, the braid group on 3 strings, with a certain special homomorphism $\pi : B_4 \longrightarrow B_3$; a family of representations which are the tensor product of 2 irreducible two-dimensional representations of $B_4$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.123-129
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary Morus alba L.(Bong-ip, B), Glycyrrhizae glabra(Gam-chei, C), Pinus densiflora(Sol-lp, S) and Angelica gigas(Dang-gi, D)powder on serum composition in rats(Sprague-Dawley male rats, 100-110g). Serum TG(triglyceride, p<0.01), total cholesterol, glucose, total protein, albumin, GGT$({\gamma}-glutamyl$ transferase, p<0.05) were significantly increased D group than that of nomal and other groups, but UA(uric acid, p<0.05) was significantly decreased, and C group(p<0.05) was significantly increased. but C group of urine(p<0.05) was significantly decreased. Also, B and S groups(p<0.05) of BUN(blood urea nitrogen), S group(p<0.05) of ALP(alkaline phosphokinase, Band C(p<0.05) of CPK(creatinine phosphokinsae, p<0.05) were significantly increased. B, S and C groups were better than D group for lipid metabolism, and pretection to liver. Also, B and C groups of glucose were same as normal diet, so Morus alba L. was good food for lipid metabolism and hypoglycemic effect.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.97-103
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of an anti-inflammatory and analgesic action of the glucosamine HCl (Glucosamine) and SH-1 (Glucosamine + Oriental herbal composition combined group). Male sprague-Dawley rats $(200{\sim}250g)$ and ICR mice $(20{\sim}30g)$ were randomized and these experimental groups were divided into 4 groups. Two control group were given as negative control (saline) and positive control (Ibuprofen, 100 mg/kg) and two groups given as oral administration of Glucosamine (320 m/kg) and SH-1. Carrageenan induced paw edema test, hot plate method, croton oil induced granuloma, capillary permeability test and acetic acid writhing syndrome were also shown to be comparable in the SH-1 group to anti-inflammatory drug group such as positive control group (Ibuprofen). Although further studies should be performed to confirm the effects of SH-1, present results suggest that the combined administration of SH-1 have potential action in anti-inflammatory and analgesic action. It could be applicable for the improvement of arthritic symptoms as a new diet-supplement.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.228-242
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to develop a student-led instructional strategy that is central to the teaching-learning process and to investigate its effects. For this study, we analyzed the learner-centered learning types (discovery learning, problem-based learning, inquiry learning) and extracted elements applicable to newly developed teaching-learning. Based on this, a student-led class strategy was established using pre-learning, teacher collaboration, small group composition, and limited open data and product presentation, and then science classes were conducted. As a result of the post-tests of the five science core competencies of the experimental group using the student-led instructional strategy and the comparative group conducting lecture-based classes, the experimental group showed higher scores than the comparative group in the scientific thinking, scientific communication, and scientific attitudes (p<.05). Based on these results, it was confirmed that the student-led class, in which the student self-adjusts the entire process of designing, exploring, and presenting learning, can help the student's scientific ability. In addition, I would like to discuss the implications of teachers' teaching-learning composition.