• 상하수도학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.479-486
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• 2012

Runoff characteristics of pollutant loads of the lower Han River was studied before full implementation of Total Pollution Load Management System(TPLMS). Magnitude of macroscopic(annual) fluctuation was in the order of Namhan River > Han River > Bukhan River, gross weight TP > gross weight TN > gross weight BOD, gross weight deviation > concentration deviation. Flux variation was higher than that of concentration. Microscopic(weekly) fluctuation showed similar pattern to macroscopic scale. TP showed the highest deviation resulting in the lowest reliability. 60% of annual flux passed during summer 3months resulting in 43-46% pass of gross weight at the lower Han River. Strong correlation was found between flux and gross weight especially in gross weight TN. Gross weight pollution increased as high as 400% while passing Seoul area due to the concentration. The deviation from moving average increased during summer season in the gross weight TP and BOD. Seasonal tendency was confirmed especially in gross weight TN and TP using autocorrelation function.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.85-110
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• 2005

This paper aims at formulating various statistical models for the study of a ten year Weigh-in-Motion (WIM) data collected from various WIM stations in Hong Kong. In order to study the bridge live load model it is important to determine the mathematical distributions of different load affecting parameters such as gross vehicle weights, axle weights, axle spacings, average daily number of trucks etc. Each of the above parameters is analyzed by various stochastic processes in order to obtain the mathematical distributions and the Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) method is adopted to calculate the statistical parameters, expected values and standard deviations from the given samples of data. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) method of approach is used to check the suitability of the statistical model selected for the particular parameter and the Monte Carlo method is used to simulate the distributions of maximum value stochastic processes of a series of given stochastic processes. Using the statistical analysis approach the maximum value of gross vehicle weight and axle weight in bridge design life has been determined and the distribution functions of these parameters are obtained under both free-flowing traffic and dense traffic status. The maximum value of bending moments and shears for wide range of simple spans are obtained by extrapolation. It has been observed that the obtained maximum values of the gross vehicle weight and axle weight from this study are very close to their legal limitations of Hong Kong which are 42 tonnes for gross weight and 10 tonnes for axle weight.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.99-102
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• 2012

Bee venom (Apis mellifera L. BV) has been used as a cosmetic ingredient for anti-ageing, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial functions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity after a single dermal administration of BV, BV was administered to 2 groups of Sprague-Dawley (SD) male and female rats (5 animals/group) at doses of 0 and 1,500 mg/kg body weight (BW). Mortality, clinical signs, body weight changes and gross findings were continually monitored for 15 days following the single dose. There were no unscheduled deaths in any groups during the study period. No BV related clinical signs and body weight changes were observed in any groups during the study period. There were no abnormal gross findings at necropsy on day 15 after the treatment. On the basis of the above results, it was concluded that there were no treatment-related effect on mortality, clinical signs, body weight changes and gross findings in SD rats treated with a single dermal dose of BV at dose of 1,500 mg/kg BW. Therefore, the approximate lethal dose of BV was considered to be over 1,500 mg/kg/day for both sexes of rats. BV may provide a developmental basis for a cosmetic ingredient or external application for topical uses.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.439-443
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the potential acute toxicity of Aralia elata by a single oral dose in ICR mice. Thirty mice of each sex were randomly assigned to three groups of 10 mice each. The test articles were administered once by the gavage to mice at dose levels of 0, 2,500 and 5,000 mg/kg body weight. The mortality and changes on body weight and clinical signs of gross observation were monitored for 14 days after dosing. At the end of 14-day observation period, all animals were sacrificed and complete gross postmortem examinations were performed. There were no dead animal and adverse effects on clinical signs, the body weight and the gross finding. As the results, we could not find any toxic effect at the dose levels of 2,500 or 5,000 mg/kg in mice and the minimal lethal dose was considered to be over 5,000 mg/kg body weight in mice.

• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.23-30
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to apply treadmill training through motor learning to cerebral palsy children and examine its effects on their Gross Motor Functions. The subjects of this study were 13 spastic diplegia children who had difficulty in independent gait, and GMFCS level III, IV. We performed treadmill gait training using the principle of weight bearing, based on 4times a week for 30 minutes before and after each session physical therapy we gave weight bearing treadmill training 5 to 10 minutes, during 7 weeks(April 9, 2012~May 26, 2012) fittingly for the children's gait characteristics. In order to test how the weight bearing treadmill training affects spastic diplegia children's gross motor functions, we measured body mobility with Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM). These data were collected before and after the experiment and analyzed through comparison. Data collected from the 13 spastic diplegia children the results were as follows. For evaluating with regard to change in body mobility, significant difference was observed between before and after the experiment in measured gross motor functions, which were crawling, kneeling, standing, walking, jumping and running(p<0.05). According to the results of this study, when gait training through motor learning was applied to spastic cerebral palsy children, it made significant changes in their body mobility. Accordingly, for the effective application of gait training through motor learning to cerebral palsy children, it is considered necessary to make research from different angle on how such training affects children's mobility, activity of muscles in the lower limbs, and gait characteristics.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.263-278
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• 2019

Moving train load parameters, including train speed, axle spacing, gross train weight and axle weights, are identified based on strain-monitoring data. In this paper, according to influence line theory, the classic moving force identification method is enhanced to handle time-varying velocity of the train. First, the moments that the axles move through a set of fixed points are identified from a series of pulses extracted from the second derivative of the structural strain response. Subsequently, the train speed and axle spacing are identified. In addition, based on the fact that the integral area of the structural strain response is a constant under a unit force at a unit speed, the gross train weight can be obtained from the integral area of the measured strain response. Meanwhile, the corrected second derivative peak values, in which the effect of time-varying velocity is eliminated, are selected to distribute the gross train weight. Hence the axle weights could be identified. Afterwards, numerical simulations are employed to verify the proposed method and investigate the effect of the sampling frequency on the identification accuracy. Eventually, the method is verified using the real-time strain data of a continuous steel truss railway bridge. Results show that train speed, axle spacing and gross train weight can be accurately identified in the time domain. However, only the approximate values of the axle weights could be obtained with the updated method. The identified results can provide reliable reference for determining fatigue deterioration and predicting the remaining service life of railway bridges.

• 동국한의학연구소논문집
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• 제11권
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• pp.66-73
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• 2008

Objectives: The study was designed to evaluate the single dose toxicity of modified Bo-yang-Hwan-o-Tang (mBHT) in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Methods: The mBHT was once administrated orally to both sexes of rats at dose 2,000 mg/kg body weight which are the recommended maximum limit dose for acute toxicity. We recorded clinical signs of toxicity, body weight, gross and histological changes in target organs for all rats. Results: Neither significant changes of body weight not death was observed during the observation period in mBHT-administrated rats. Neither significant toxic signs not histopathological changes were shown during the observation period. There were not observed significant gross abnormality between the control and mBHT-administrated rats. Conclusions: These results indicated that the toxicity of mBHT is greater than 2,000 mg/kg body weight in SD rats.

• 대한안전경영과학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.37-46
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• 2005

There are very large differences on the standards of gross weight and single axle weight for commercial motor vehicles between international and Korean standards. Short Wheelbase Truck are produced and run only in Korea. It has very serious effects on the durabilities of bridges and roads and makes logistic competitive power fall back and overconsuming energy. This paper deals with a comparative study of the international standards with Korean, grasps the drawbacks and makes up the suggestions to strengthen the logistic competitive power of Korea and reduce the maintenance cost for the roads and the consumption of energy.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.117-121
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• 1990

단옥수수의 수량을 상품성 있는 이삭수, 이삭무게, 이삭크기별 시장가격을 적용한 조수입으로 평가하였을 때 이들 수량평가방법의 결과를 비교하기 위하여 단옥수수 품종 Golden Cross Bantam 70을 재식밀도(5,000, 6,000, 7,000, 8,000, 9,000주/10a)를 달리하여 0.3mm 투명 P.E. film 피복하에서 재배하였다. 출아후 30일과 44일에 초장과 분벽수를 조사하였고, 이삭조사는 출사후 25일에 수확하여 포엽을 제거한 후 이삭의 수, 크기, 무게를 조사하고 무게별 이삭수, 10a당 상품성 있는 이삭수, 이삭무게 조수입을 계산한다. 1. 초장, 간장, 착수고, 분벽수, 출사기는 재식밀도간에 차이가 없었으며, 수확기의 주간 엽면적지수는 1.1-1.9로서 재식밀도가 높을수록 증가하였다. 2. 상품성있는 이삭의 평균길이, 굵기, 무게와 포엽을 제거한 이삭무게가 150g 이상인 상품의 비율은 재식밀도가 높을수록 감소하였다. 3. 10a당 상품성있는 이삭수, 이삭무게 및 크기별 가격과 이삭수를 고려한 조수입은 재식밀도가 높을수록 증가하였으며, 이들간에는 고도로 유의한 정의 상관이있었다. 재식밀도가 높을때는 이삭수는 조수입보다 과대평가되었고, 이삭무게는 과소평가되었다. 4. 이삭을 수확한 후 경엽의 건물수량은 755-964kg/10a으로 7,000주/10a까지는 재식밀도가 높을수록 증가하였으며 건물함량은 20.7-24.5%이었다. 5. 흑조위축병 리병율은 10.6-15.0%이었으나 재식밀도간에는 차이가 없었다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.375-380
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• 2006

목 적 : 엎어 재우기, 똑바로 누워 재우기, 옆으로 재우기 등 수면 자세에 따라서 조대운동발달과 미세운동발달이 차이가 나는지 살펴보기 위해서 연구를 시작하였다. 방 법 : 2003월 12월부터 2005년 9월까지 1년 9개월 동안, 전주예수병원 소아과를 방문하는 3개월부터 16개월 사이의 소아 800명을 대상으로 운동발달검사, 수면 자세, 몸무게를 조사하여 연구하였다. 결 과 : 똑바로 누워 재우기가 79.3%, 엎어 재우기가 10.0%, 옆으로 재우기가 10.7%로, 똑바로 누워 재우기가 가장 많았다. 남아와 여아의 조대운동발달 지수는 각각 $109.5{\pm}16.3$, $108.1{\pm}17.3$이었으며, 미세운동발달 지수는 각각 $102.3{\pm}17.1$, $100.7{\pm}16.9$로 성별에 따른 발달의 차이는 없었다. 똑바로 누워 재우기, 엎어 재우기, 옆으로 재우기에 따른 조대운동발달 지수는 5개월에 $98.2{\pm}16.8$, $126.2{\pm}10.9$, $117.2{\pm}6.6$, 6개월에 $101.2{\pm}13.0$, $115.2{\pm}18.0$, $95.7{\pm}20.2$로 각각 엎어 재우기에서 의의 있게 높았다. 7개월에서 16개월까지는 차이가 없었다. 똑바로 누워 재우기, 엎어 재우기, 옆으로 재우기에 따른 미세운동발달 지수는 차이가 없었다. 연령별 평균 미만의 몸무게 군과 연령별 평균 이상의 몸무게 군에서, 조대운동발달 지수는 각각 $106.3{\pm}16.3$, $109.9{\pm}16.8$이고, 미세운동발달 지수는 각각 $99.4{\pm}16.2$, $102.5{\pm}17.2$로 연령별 평균 이상의 몸무게 군에서 조대운동발달 지수와 운동발달 지수가 의의 있게 높았다. 결 론 : 엎어 재웠을 경우 5개월과 6개월에서 조대운동발달 지수가 높았으나, 7개월부터는 차이가 없었다. 따라서 운동발달을 빠르게 하기 위해서 엎어 재우는 것은 의미가 없는 것으로 판단된다.