• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.19 no.spc
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• pp.174-177
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• 2011

Green manure crops play an important role in organic farming. Field experiment was conducted at paddy soil (fine loamy, mixed, nonacid, mesic family of Aeric Fluvaquentic Endoquepts) in 2008/2009 to 2009/2010 at the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA, Suwon, Gyeonggi province, Korea. This experiment was carried out to evaluate the biomass of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) and growth of rice (Oryza sativa) by different seeding rates. Seeding rates of hairy vetch consisted of 30, 60, and 90 kg $ha^{-1}$ by broadcasting before rice harvesting. The biomass and nitrogen production of hairy vetch were not significantly different between 60 kg $ha^{-1}$ and 90 kg $ha^{-1}$ of seedinq rates. Also, rice yield was not significantly different between seeding rate 60 kg $ha^{-1}$ of hairy vetch and conventional practice for two years. Therefore, we suggested that seeding rate of hairy vetch should be reduced by continuous cropping and incorporation of hairy vetch under rice-based cropping system.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.268-272
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• 2013

BACKGROUND: The mixtures of legumes and non legumes can be an efficient tool to combine the benefit of the single species in the cover crop practice. However, there is a lack of information on how the species proportion may affect N accumulation and how this can influence the nitrogen use of subsequent rice production. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this study barley and hairy vetch was selected as a green manure. The pure stands or mixtures with different seeding ratios was tested on green manure N accumulation and its following rice cultivation. Total aboveground biomass and N accumulation of mixture were higher compared to that of pure barley and hairy vetch. Among the mixtures, the highest aboveground biomass (8.07 Mg/ha) and N accumulation (131 kg/ha) was observed in B75H25 (barley 75% + hairy vetch 25%). The N accumulation of the mixture ranged from 99 kg/ha to 131 kg/ha which was much higher than amount of recommended (90 kg/ha) for rice. All mixture (barley 75%+hairy vetch 25%, barley 50%+hairy vetch 50%, barley 25%+hairy vetch 50%) produced 7-8% more rice yield than the conventional cultivation (NPK). The rice yield of in barley monocrop was 4% less than that of NPK. COLCLUSION(S): Adopting mixtures of barley and hairy vetch could be efficient strategy for rice production as an alternative of nitrogen fertilizer.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.950-956
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• 2017

Objective: Effects of newly isolated Lactobacillus plantarum on the fermentation and chemical composition of fresh rice straw silage was evaluated in this study. Methods: Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from good crop silage were screened by growing them in MRS broth and a minimal medium with low carbohydrate content. Selected LAB (LAB 1821) were Gram-positive, rods, catalase negative, and were identified to be Lactobacillus plantarum based on their biochemical characteristics and a 16S rRNA analysis. Fresh rice straw was ensiled with two isolated LAB (1821 and 1841), two commercial inoculants (HM/F and P1132) and no additive as a control. Results: After 2 months of storage at ambient temperature, rice straw silages treated with additives were well-preserved, the pH values and butyric and acetic acid contents were lower, and the lactic acid content and lactic/acetic acid ratio were higher than those in the control (p<0.05). Acidity (pH) was lowest, and lactic acid highest, in 1821-treated silage (p<0.05). The $NH_3-N$ content decreased significantly in inoculant-treated silage (p<0.05) and the $NH_3-N$ content in 1821-treated silage was lowest among the treatments. The dry matter (DM) content of the control silage was lower than that of fresh rice straw (p<0.05), while that of the 1841- and p1174-inoculant-treated silages was significantly higher than that of HM/F-treated silage. Microbial additives did not have any significant (p>0.05) effect on acid detergent fiber or neutral detergent fiber contents. Crude protein (CP) content and in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) increased after inoculation of LAB 1821 (p<0.05). Conclusion: LAB 1821 increased the CP, IVDMD, lactic acid content and ratio of lactic acid to acetic acid in rice straw silage and decreased the pH, acetic acid, $NH_3-N$, and butyric acid contents. Therefore, adding LAB 1821 improved the fermentation quality and feed value of rice straw silage.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.60 no.2
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• pp.167-173
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• 2015

Green manure crops are organic materials that can supply organic matter and substitute chemical fertilizer, yet emit methane while being decomposed. Therefore, we experimented with different kinds of Green manure crops and tillage depth in order to decrease the amount of methane emitted when utilizing Green manure crops in paddy soil. The amount of methane emitted during the cultivation period of rice started to increase after transplanting and peaked at 63, and 74 days after transplanting, than decreased to almost none starting from 106 days. According to the kind of Green manure crop, it was highest in barley, then hairy vetch and chemical fertilizer. Depending on the tillage depth, the amount of methane emitted decreased by 22.5% in chemical fertilizer, 12.4% in hairy vetch and 11.7% in barley in 20cm tillage compared to 10cm tillage. The air temperature of methane test period was $30{\sim}40^{\circ}C$, and the soil temperature was more than about $2{\sim}10^{\circ}C$ lower than the air temperature. Due to the irrigation started before transplanting, the oxidation-reduction potential (Eh) of soil was rapidly reduced, and showed negative (-) values. Eh values mostly kept the range of -300~-500 mV during rice cultivation. It rapidly increased 106 days after transplanting. Rice yield the highest in hairy vetch and did not show differences according to tillage depth. Methane emission could be effectively reduced if the paddy soil was tilled by 20 cm during the application of hairy vetch.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.411-418
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of chestnut inner skin tea, brown rice-green tea and Cassia lora tea on the activation of physiological functions (regional cerebral blood flow, mean arterial blood pressure, proliferation of immunocytes in vitro and in vitro, suppression of cancer cell proliferation) in mouse and rat. We used 8 weeks-old balb/c male mice, 300g ICR rats and L1210 cell lines. Regional cerebral blood flow(rCBF) and mean arterial blood pressure(BP) were measured using Leser-Doppler Flowmetry(LDF) and the proliferation of cells was measured using a colorimetric tetrazolium assay(MTT assay). The experimental results are as follows : 1. rCBF was increased by Cassia tora tea, but decreased by chestnut inner skin tea in rats. 2. BP was increased by brown rice-green tea in rats. 3. Proliferation of mouse thymocytes and splenocytes were significantly increased by chestnut inner skin tea in vitro. 4. Proliferation of mouse thymocytes was decreased by Cassia tora tea and brown rice-green tea in vitro. 5. Proliferation of mouse thymocytes was decreased by Cassia tora tea and brown rice-green tea in L1210 transplanted mice. 6. Proliferation of splenocytes was accelerated by chestnut inner skin tea in L1210 transplanted mice. 7. Proliferation of L1210 cells was inhibited by chestnut inner skin tea and Cassia tora tea in L1210 transplanted mice.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.303-307
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• 2008

We bred a new green-kerneled glutinous rice variety that can be cultivated in the whole area of Korea, because only one native green-kerneled glutinous rice cultivar, "Saengdongchalbyeo", has been cultivated in the southern coastal area due to its late heading. The seeds of "Saengdongchalbyeo" were irradiated with 200 Gy of gamma ray in 1995. A promising mutant variety, "Nogwonchalbyeo" ("Wonnong 17") was selected through line selection and regional yield trials. In particular, the new variety revealed at the earlier mid of August compared to that of "Saengdongchalbyeo", the early of September, and it was considerably tolerant to a field lodging due to its shortened culm length. Also, "Nogwonchalbyeo" had a higher ripened grain ratio and 1,000 grain weight compared to the original variety. The brown grain yield of the new variety was about 5.40 MT/ha, which was 11.3% higher than that of the original variety, in the regional yield trials at 3 different fields during 2000~2001. The brown and milled grains of the new rice variety contained 20 to 65% higher amount of total amino acids, respectively than that of the original and two checks. For chlorophyll -a, -b and total chlorophyll, the new variety showed nearly two-fold higher than the checks, and for the carotenoid, it had 5.3 - 7.6 times higher amount. These results showed that the new variety can be cultivated as a special green-kerneled glutinous rice with high functional compounds.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.121-125
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• 2001

Some attempts were made to investigate the biological characterisitcs of the green rice leafhopper(GLH) , Nepthotettix cincticeps Uhler in terms of nymphal development, emergence ratio. preovipositional period, growth index, adult longevity and fecundity fed on rice cultivar, Chucheongbyeo with no resistance gene and water foxtail, Alpecurus aequalis Sobol. var. amurensis Ohwi at 20 and $25^{\circ}C$ with a 16L;8D photoperiod. Development period of nymph on rice cultivar and water foxtail at $25^{\circ}C$ was shorter than that at 2$0^{\circ}C$ by twofold. The nymphal period of female was about one day longer than that of male. The mean emergence ratio of female and male on rice cultivar and water foxtail was 40.0, 76.7, 38.3, 73.3% at 20 and $25^{\circ}C$, respectively. Preovipositional period on rice cultivar and water foxtail at $25^{\circ}C$ was shorter that at 2$0^{\circ}C$ by twofold. Growth index on rice cultivar adn water foxtail at $25^{\circ}C$was higher than that at 2$0^{\circ}C$ by fourfold. Under the 20 and $25^{\circ}C$ condition, the longevity of female and male was longer on water foxtail than on rice cultivar, but the fecundity of GLH was higher on rice cultivar than on water foxtail. In conculsion, water foxtail seems to be adequate for spring host of GLH.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.243-243
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• 2017

Leaf colors of rice can be used to identify stress level due to its adaptation to environmental change. For most leaves green-related colors are sourced from chlorophyll a and b. For most leaves green-related colors are consisted of chlorophyll a and b. Chlorophyll concentration is normally measured using a spectrophotometer in laboratory. In some remote observation fields, it is impossible to collect the leaves, preserve them, and bring them to laboratory to measure their chlorophyll content. The measurement of chlorophyll content is observed through its color. Using CIE chromaticity diagram leaf color information in RGB is transformed into wavelength (in nm). Pheophytin contents were also analyzed in 95% ethanol extracts. In the process of leaf development of rice young seedling, both pigments were compared. Leaf samples from different rice seedling bed is taken, their colors and RGB values are recorded using Photoshop Image Analysis. SPAD-502 values were also measured. The chlorophyll and Pheophytin contents were fully estimated by ${\rightthreetimes}_{avg}$ on CIE chromaticity diagram.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.19 no.2 s.43
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• pp.109-112
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• 1980

This study was carried out to investigate the distribution of egg parasitoids from green rice leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps Uhler, from the middle of August through the early September in southern rice cultural areas. The results were obtained as follow. 1. Four species of egg parasitoids, Gonatocerus sp. A and B, Paracentrobia andoi and Anagrus sp. are newly recorded from the eggs of green rice leafhopper. 2. Egg parasitism rates of Gonatocerus sp. were varied from $41.0\~73.9\%$ on an egg mass basis and from $29.7\~49.0\%$ on basis of egg. Percent parasitism rates by Paracentrobia andoi were $0\~9.7\%$ on an egg mass basis and from $2.1\~12.6\%$ on basis of egg. Gonatocerus sp. was dominant egg parasitoid in the parasitism rate than Paracentrobia andoi.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.40 no.10
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• pp.773-786
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• 2017

The loss of green coloration via chlorophyll (Chl) degradation typically occurs during leaf senescence. To date, many Chl catabolic enzymes have been identified and shown to interact with light harvesting complex II to form a Chl degradation complex in senescing chloroplasts; this complex might metabolically channel phototoxic Chl catabolic intermediates to prevent oxidative damage to cells. The Chl catabolic enzyme 7-hydroxymethyl Chl a reductase (HCAR) converts 7-hydroxymethyl Chl a (7-HMC a) to Chl a. The rice (Oryza sativa) genome contains a single HCAR homolog (OsHCAR), but its exact role remains unknown. Here, we show that an oshcar knockout mutant exhibits persistent green leaves during both dark-induced and natural senescence, and accumulates 7-HMC a and pheophorbide a (Pheo a) in green leaf blades. Interestingly, both rice and Arabidopsis hcar mutants exhibit severe cell death at the vegetative stage; this cell death largely occurs in a light intensity-dependent manner. In addition, 7-HMC a treatment led to the generation of singlet oxygen ($^1O_2$) in Arabidopsis and rice protoplasts in the light. Under herbicide-induced oxidative stress conditions, leaf necrosis was more severe in hcar plants than in wild type, and HCAR-overexpressing plants were more tolerant to reactive oxygen species than wild type. Therefore, in addition to functioning in the conversion of 7-HMC a to Chl a in senescent leaves, HCAR may play a critical role in protecting plants from high light-induced damage by preventing the accumulation of 7-HMC a and Pheo a in developing and mature leaves at the vegetative stage.