• 영어어문교육
• /
• 제13권2호
• /
• pp.47-61
• /
• 2007

The purpose of this paper is to survey the major elements that have changed English from a synthetic language to an analytic one. Therefore, this paper has looked at the differences between synthetic languages and analytic ones. In synthetic languages, the relation of words in a sentence is synthetically determined by means of inflections, while in analytic languages, the functions of words in a sentence are analytically determined by means of word order and function words. Thus, Old English with full inflectional systems shows the synthetic nature. However, in the course of time, Old English inflections came to be lost by phonetic changes and operation, which made English dependent on word order and function words to signal the relation of words in a sentence. The major phonetic changes that have shifted English are the change of final /m/ to /n/, the leveling of unstressed vowels, the loss of final /n/, and the decay of schwa in final syllables. These changes led to reduction of inflections of English as well as the loss of grammatical gender. The operation of analogy, the tendency of language to follow certain patterns and to adapt a less common form to a more familiar one, has also played an important role in changing English.

• 한국교육논총
• /
• 제40권1호
• /
• pp.17-42
• /
• 2019

양태는 화자의 심리적 태도이다. 언어마다 사용된 문장은 양태를 포함한다고 할 수 있다. 전통적으로 양태는 인식양태와 의무양태로 분류할 수 있다. 본 연구는 한국어 양태 이론을 개관하고 이를 토대로 양태의 개념과 하위분류를 선정하였다. 아울러 본격적인 양태 표현의 의미, 기능 대조를 위해 한국어와 중국어의 양태 실현 양상을 밝혔다. 또한, 한국어의 양태 표현 '-(으)ㄹ 수 있다'와 이에 대응되는 중국어의 양태 조동사 '능(能)'을 통사적, 의미적, 화용적 측면에서 대조 분석하고 이를 바탕으로 양태 표현의 효과적인 교수·학습 방안을 마련하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 한국어 양태 표현은 화자의 주관적 태도를 나타내는 문법 요소로서 한국어 교재에서 매우 중요하게 다루고 있으며 많은 문법 항목이 이 양태에 속한다. 한국어의 양태 표현은 유사점이 많고 의미와 기능이 다양하기 때문에 중국인 학습자들이 학습했더라도 사용하기 어려운 문법이다. 따라서 본고는 대조 분석을 통해 중국인 학습자를 위한 효과적인 교수·학습 방안을 제시하고, 이를 활용한 한국어 양태 표현의 실제 교수·학습 모형을 구안하였다. 따라서 한국어 교육에서 양태 표현의 문법 교육 내용을 구성하는 데 도움이 될 것으로 기대한다.

• 인문언어
• /
• 제2권1호
• /
• pp.93-127
• /
• 2002

This paper deals with a class of Middle English impersonal constructions that involve verbs of two-place argument structure. As is generally understood, the term 'impersonal' is notoriously murky, and after all those researches that have been performed in this area, quite a few issues still remain controversial. The issues we center around in the present study concern the following two. In the type of impersonal constructions we consider, the two arguments-Cause and Experiencer-are both expressed in oblique case, posing the problem of determining which of them functions as the grammatical subject. The issue, however. is not how an argument in oblique case can be taken as the subject: it is well blown that the so called 'dative subject Experiencer' already occurred in Old English. The real issue is why both of the arguments are syntactically realized as nonnominative. The other issue concerns the 3rd-person singular form of the verb. Here again, the crux of the problem may be blurred by the fact that impersonal construction is often defined as one in which the verb has 3rd-person singular form with no apparent nominative W controlling verb concord. But this definition is more nebulous than clear because the notion 'subjectless' is itself highly controversial. Thus, for an expression like me thinketh that-S, it may well be that the verb thinketh ('seems') is 3rd-person singular because the that-clause is the subject. What should be explained of the data brought up here is why the impersonal verb is 3rd-person singular when neither of the NPs associated with it is 3rd person or singular. I argue that we can account for our paradigm examples by looking upon them as 'mixed construction' in which semantic interpretation conflicts with syntactic parsing as a result of case syncretism and gradual establishment of SVO word order. This amounts to saying that the peculiarities of the construction originate with the confused use of impersonal verbs between the sense of 'give an impression' and that of 'receive and impression.'

• 중국학논총
• /
• 제53호
• /
• pp.1-16
• /
• 2017

The grammatical meaning of "了", a marker of aspects in Mandarin has been described differently among researchers, three of which are to express the end, a certain phase of event and the start of an event or a state. This paper consists of four parts. Set out below is a summary of main points of each part. The first chapter elaborates on the results of previous related studies, points out the purpose and meaning of the current study. Chapter two introduces marked "了" including concepts of the meaning and "Done", "complete whole", "realization" Corresponds to the case study. And explains syntactic and semantic features of the "了", highlights the look "of the了" problems of syntax and semantics, "了2" made three domains Limit 3 Including of the knowledge. This chapter holds that its grammartical meaning can be described as follows an event has taken place or a state has formed prior to a certain reference time, and that the grammartical meanings mentioned above can be considered sub - grammartical meanings of "了",which result from different prominence of the phases of an event. Chapter three explains tag component of the "了1", "了2". It discusses limited constraints, first place for "了" syntactic meaning, "The End" and "extension" of the opposition for "了" is looming around the root system, "了" and "着" sentence structure and semantic and syntactic forms. Chapter four discusses bounded features of the 了. It mainly focuses on "了"of bounded / unbounded function. It analyses the functions of components and explains a bounded function of "了1" and a bounded function of "了2". Chapter five is the conclusion. It consolidates and summarises the previous contents of the paper and points out the conclusion.