• Proceedings of the Korea Inteligent Information System Society Conference
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• 2001.01a
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• pp.237-245
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• 2001

Automated essay grading has been proposed for over thirty years. Only recently have practical implementations been constructed and tested. This paper investigated the role of the nearest-neighbour algorithm within the information retrieval as a way of grading the essay automatically called Automated Essay Grading System. It intended to offer teachers an individualized assistance in grading the student\`s essay. The system involved several processes, which are the indexing, the structuring of the model answer and the grade processing. The indexing process comprised the document indexing and query processing which are mainly used for representing the documents and the query. Structuring the model answer is actually preparing the marking scheme and the grade processing is the process of assessing the essay. To test the effectiveness of the developed algorithms, the algorithms are tested against the History text in Malay. The result showed that th information retrieval and the nearest-neighbour algorithm are practical combination that offer acceptable performance for grading the essay.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.174-183
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• 2014

Purpose: A robust, efficient auto-grading computer vision system for meat carcasses is in high demand by researchers all over the world. In this paper, we discuss our study, in which we developed a system to speed up line processing and provide reliable results for pork grading, comparing the results of our algorithms with visual human subjectivity measurements. Methods: We differentiated fat and lean using an entropic correlation algorithm. We also developed a self-designed robust segmentation algorithm that successfully segmented several porkcut samples; this algorithm can help to eliminate the current issues associated with autothresholding. Results: In this study, we carefully considered the key step of autoextracting lean tissue. We introduced a self-proposed scheme and implemented it in over 200 pork-cut samples. The accuracy and computation time were acceptable, showing excellent potential for use in online commercial systems. Conclusions: This paper summarizes the main results reported in recent application studies, which include modifying and smoothing the lean area of pork-cut sections of commercial fresh pork by human experts for an auto-grading process. The developed algorithms were implemented in a prototype mobile processing unit, which can be implemented at the pork processing site.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 1996.06c
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• pp.773-779
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• 1996

Dried oak mushroom have complex and various visual features. Grading and sorting of dried oak mushrooms has been done by the human expert. Though actions involved in human grading looked simple, a decision making underneath the simple action comes from the result of the complex neural processing of the visual image. Through processing details involved in human visual recognition has not been fully investigated yet, it might say human can recognize objects via one of three ways such as extracting specific features or just image itself without extracting those features or in a combined manner. In most cases, extracting some special quantitative features from the camera image requires complex algorithms and processing of the gray level image requires the heavy computing load. This fact can be worse especially in dealing with nonuniform, irregular and fuzzy shaped agricultural products, resulting in poor performance because of the sensitiveness to the crisp criteria or specific ules set up by algorithms. Also restriction of the real time processing often forces to use binary segmentation but in that case some important information of the object can be lost. In this paper, the neuro net based real time recognition algorithm was proposed without extracting any visual feature but using only the directly captured raw gray images. Specially formated adaptable size of grids was proposed for the network input. The compensation of illumination was also done to accomodate the variable lighting environment. The proposed grading scheme showed very successful results.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.432-437
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• 2006

Objective : In order to establish the index of degeneration, the authors performed a histochemical study with Safranin-O staining and investigated the occurrence of apoptosis in the human intervertebral disc. Methods : Eighteen intervertebral disc specimens surgically extracted from the patients and two additional specimens from the autopsied cases were stained with Safranin-O for proteoglycan according to a standard protocol. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate- biotin nick end labeling[TUNEL] was used to detect the fragmented DNA known to be associated with apoptotic cell death and classification scheme was formulated for categorization of the degree of Safranin-O staining [normal, moderate reduction, faint] by modification of Makin's histological-histochemical grading. The Kruskal-Wallis H test and Chi-square test were used for statistical analysis. Results : The statistical results showed a significant difference in the mean age between "normal" Safranin-O staining group and the others [19.3 versus 55, 43.4, p=0021]. However, there was no statistically significant correlation between Safranin-O staining and MR grading of disc degeneration. Only six of eighteen surgical specimens and none in autopsies showed positive apoptotic cells in TUNEL staining. Conclusion : The determination of the degree of degeneration in surgically obtained disc tissue per se by histochemical staining or by the degree of apoptosis that corresponds to its morphologic change was not feasible.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.85-97
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• 2011

The tidal flats of Korea today have reduced by 40% in size compared to 1964. To manage this important habitat properly, development of well-organized and nationwide-applicable grading systems is required. There have been several assessment systems proposed previously in Korea, but they are critically flawed in that selected biological indicators are not adequate and grading criteria are obscure and arbitrary. We reviewed the indicators used in these previous evaluation systems (e.g., diversity indices, quantity and quality of benthic macrofauna, halophytes, water birds, etc.) and subsequently proposed new indicators and an improved grading scheme. For the quantitative assessment of macrobenthic community, biomass reflecting production and ecosystem function is recommended over density, which is much less discriminatory among habitats. Of biodiversity indices used, within-, between-habitat and regional biodiversity indices that accurately reflect sampling efforts are suggested. In addition, we proposed to include species rarity, ecosystem engineers, and the ecological quality index ISEP (Inverse function of Shannon-Wiener Evenness Proportion). As for halophytes, their low spatial coverage on benthic habitat suggests that their presence can be used as an ecological indicator of benthic habitat, regardless of their protective status. We stress the need to introduce 1) quantile approach for quantitative indicators (e.g., diversity, biomass, etc.) in relation to grading, 2) presence-absence approach for spatial or aggregate indicators (e.g., boundaries of halophytes and feeding ground of water birds) and 3) benthic habitat mapping that combines all of these indicators.

• Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.8-15
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• 2003

In Korea, quality evaluation of dried oak mushrooms are done first by classifying them into more than 10 different categories based on the state of opening of the cap, surface pattern, and colors. And mushrooms of each category are further classified into 3 or 4 groups based on its shape and size, resulting into total 30 to 40 different grades. Quality evaluation and sorting based on the external visual features are usually done manually. Since visual features of mushroom affecting quality grades are distributed over the entire surface of the mushroom, both front (cap) and back (stem and gill) surfaces should be inspected thoroughly. In fact, it is almost impossible for human to inspect every mushroom, especially when they are fed continuously via conveyor. In this paper, considering real time on-line system implementation, image processing algorithms utilizing artificial neural network have been developed for the quality grading of a mushroom. The neural network based image processing utilized the raw gray value image of fed mushrooms captured by the camera without any complex image processing such as feature enhancement and extraction to identify the feeding state and to grade the quality of a mushroom. Developed algorithms were implemented to the prototype on-line grading and sorting system. The prototype was developed to simplify the system requirement and the overall mechanism. The system was composed of automatic devices for mushroom feeding and handling, a set of computer vision system with lighting chamber, one chip microprocessor based controller, and pneumatic actuators. The proposed grading scheme was tested using the prototype. Network training for the feeding state recognition and grading was done using static images. 200 samples (20 grade levels and 10 per each grade) were used for training. 300 samples (20 grade levels and 15 per each grade) were used to validate the trained network. By changing orientation of each sample, 600 data sets were made for the test and the trained network showed around 91 % of the grading accuracy. Though image processing itself required approximately less than 0.3 second depending on a mushroom, because of the actuating device and control response, average 0.6 to 0.7 second was required for grading and sorting of a mushroom resulting into the processing capability of 5,000/hr to 6,000/hr.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.9 no.8
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• pp.1010-1019
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• 2006

CAD system is a very important technology in designing the products which we are using today. This CAD technology has been enlarging its area into 3D CAD systems with the development of computer graphics technologies. In particular, such advances have been realized in special area such as the CAD system for designing shoes. However, because it is difficult to design a 3D CAD system, most CAD developments except for major CAD software companies usually have employed the AutoCAD which realizes 3D concepts. Also, many shoes' designers have been skilled with 2D shoe CAD systems and then they can make high achievements. Therefore, we design a new shoe CAD system with advantages of 2D CAD system and 3D CAD system. We also implement the scheme to transfer the data between 2D CAD system and 3D CAD system and also grading technologies to get patterns of various shoes size from a basic shoe's design.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.137-144
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• 2010

There is a host of habitat assessment systems available to evaluate and grade tidal flat ecosystems in Korea. Nevertheless, we recognize the need to develop a better ecological scheme to improve reliability and accuracy given the importance of using an empirical approach in assigning grades to indicators and the limitation of current systems which evaluate tidal flats on a regional basis. A preferable system would be one that enables habitat mapping within a tidal flat, provides a diagnosis of ecological stress/health, has a high level of ecological relevance, communicability, and statistical robustness, and enables evaluation of diverse habitats within a tidal flat. The following points should be considered in framing such a system. Indicators should discriminate habitat quality into five to seven grades accomodating diverse characteristics and conservation value of a habitat, and the grading should be made from frequency distribution of indicators based on nationwide data.We suggest the following tasks in crafting such a system: i) The decision on selection of indicators should be made based on accuracy of assessment and practical application; ii) effects of physical habitat conditions on variability of indicators should be reflected; and, iii) further works on stress/health indicators should be addressed for adopting a multiple-indicator approach which reduces misdiagnosis.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.603-608
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to investigate factors related to carcass traits of Hanwoo. In the statistical model developed in this study, slaughterhouse, carcass year, carcass month and sex effects were used as fixed effects and carcass traits (carcass weight, marbling score, loineye muscle area, backfat thickness and meat yield index) as covariations. The grading service data for 285,515 Hanwoo, which were evaluated by Animal Products Grading Service from 2005 to 2007, were used in this study. The partial R-square values of the fixed effects and the marbling score (MS), loineye muscle area, back-fat thickness, meat yield index and carcass weight (CW) on auction prices (AP) of the carcass and carcass price (CP) of the animals were estimated. The most important estimated trait in AP was MS. However, CW is the most important estimated trait on the CP and the MS also has secondly significant effect on the CP. In conclusion, MS as well as CW should maximize the farmer profits and establish a breeding scheme for Hanwoo.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.74 no.5
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• pp.679-698
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• 2020

In this paper, the meshless local Petrov-Galerkin (MLPG) method is developed for dynamic analysis of non-symmetric nanocomposite cylindrical shell equations of elastic wave motion with nonlinear grading patterns under shock loading. The mechanical properties of the nanocomposite cylinder are obtained based on a micro-mechanical model. In this study, four kinds of grading patterns are assumed for carbon nanotube mechanical properties. The displacements can be approximated using shape function so, the multiquadrics (MQ) Radial Basis Functions (RBF) are used as the shape function. In order to discretize the derived equations in time domains, the Newmark time approximation scheme with suitable time step is used. To demonstrate the accuracy of the present method for dynamic analysis, at the first a problem verifies with analytical solution and then the present method compares with the finite element method (FEM), finally, the present method verifies by using the element free Galerkin (EFG) method. The comparison shows the high capacity and accuracy of the present method in the dynamic analysis of cylindrical shells. The capability of the present method to dynamic analysis of non-symmetric nanocomposite cylindrical shell is demonstrated by dynamic analysis of the cylinder with different kinds of grading patterns and angle of nanocomposite reinforcements. The present method shows high accuracy, efficiency and capability to dynamic analysis of non-symmetric nanocomposite cylindrical shell, which it furnishes a ground for a more flexible design.