• The Southeast Asian review
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.43-75
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• 2011

The article focuses on the impact and Acceptance of Hindu culture in Modern Southeast Asian Buddhism. The purpose of this study is to examine critically the influential epic Ramayana on Siam culture, Thai Ramayana version 'Ramakien', reveal instances of Buddhist Modification. The Ramayana by the great sage Valmiki is considered by Indians to be the first great literary work to be produced in India. The influence of this work is to be seen not only through centuries but even in other countries, such as Thailand where there are modified modern versions. In this paper, I have three objectives : (1) I may discuss the epic Ramayana of India gave birth to the Ramakien of Thailand. In modern times Valmiki's epic was made to fit the spiritual trends current in the new Chakri dynasty, which were themselves based on Brahmanic tradition and Theravada buddhism. With regarding to the structure of the Traibhumi cosmography, and the relationship between merit and power implied by this cosmography ranks all beings from demons to deities in a hierarchy of merit which accrues according to karma the actions of past lives. (2) I analyze how to have attempted to dissect the Hindi and Thai version of the Ramayana. The Hindu concept of kingship is also depicted in the life of Rama. The Hindus see in Rama the norm of a true Hindu life characterized by the Caste and Dharma. In Thai transformed version, it does not preach Hindu values of personal or social life. The Ramakien emphasized that the Buddhism were higher than all other laws, and that the King is regarded as the incarnation of Phra Ram, and thus is also the narration of the righteous buddhist ruler. (3) I discuss how cultural or social contexts can influence the structure of the royal Wat. The whole epic was painted by the order of Rama I in the galleries of the Wat Phra Keo. In other words, it is the very centre of the dynastic cult enshrining the Emerald Buddha, the most iconic expression of the Ramakien tradition were officially amalgamated. Rama I was continued the process of elaborating and stabilizing the complex religious pattern, with Buddhism at the pinnacle. My finding will support the idea that the Ramakien is particularly appealing to the Thai people because it presents the image of an ideal king, Rama, who symbolizes the force of virtue or dharma while Thotsakan represents the force of evil. Eventually the force of good prevails. Being Buddhists, the Thai poets bring into the story the Buddhist philosophy(especially, the law of cause and effect, karma). This paper examines the role of the Hindu epic Ramayana in the historical and cultural contact between Hindu India and Buddhist Southeast Asia. It should now be possible to evaluate what elements of Hindu culture were transmitted into Thai through the Rama story.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.427-438
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• 2021

Two-stage sampling allows us to estimate population characteristics by both unit and cluster level together. Given a complex auxiliary information, integrated calibration weighting would better reflect the level-wise characteristics as well as multivariate characteristics between levels. This paper explored the integrated calibration weighting methods by Estevao and Särndal (2006) and Kim (2019) through a simulation study, where the efficiency of those weighting methods was compared using an artificial population data. Two weighting methods among others are shown efficient: single step calibration at the unit level with stacked individualized auxiliary information and iterative integrated calibration at each level. Under both methods, cluster calibrated weights are defined as the average of the calibrated weights of the unit(s) within cluster. Both were very good in terms of the goodness-of-fit of estimating the population totals of mutual auxiliary information between clusters and units, and showed small relative bias and relative mean square root errors for estimating the population totals of survey variables that are not included in calibration adjustments.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.88-98
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• 2021

Background: This study aimed to develop a new risk prediction model for operative mortality in a Korean cohort undergoing heart valve surgery using the Korea Heart Valve Surgery Registry (KHVSR) database. Methods: We analyzed data from 4,742 patients registered in the KHVSR who underwent heart valve surgery at 9 institutions between 2017 and 2018. A risk prediction model was developed for operative mortality, defined as death within 30 days after surgery or during the same hospitalization. A statistical model was generated with a scoring system by multiple logistic regression analyses. The performance of the model was evaluated by its discrimination and calibration abilities. Results: Operative mortality occurred in 142 patients. The final regression models identified 13 risk variables. The risk prediction model showed good discrimination, with a c-statistic of 0.805 and calibration with Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit p-value of 0.630. The risk scores ranged from -1 to 15, and were associated with an increase in predicted mortality. The predicted mortality across the risk scores ranged from 0.3% to 80.6%. Conclusion: This risk prediction model using a scoring system specific to heart valve surgery was developed from the KHVSR database. The risk prediction model showed that operative mortality could be predicted well in a Korean cohort.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.11
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• pp.1760-1770
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• 2022

Objective: It is crucial to accurately determine the net energy (NE) values of feed ingredients because the NE system is expected to be applied to the formulation of broilers feed. The NE values of 5 wheat and 5 wheat brans were determined in 12-to 14-day old Arbor Acres (AA) broilers with substitution method and indirect calorimetry method. Methods: A total of 12 diets, including 2 reference diets (REF) and 10 test diets (5 wheat diets and 5 wheat bran diets) containing 30% of test ingredients, were randomly fed to 864 male AA birds with 6 replicates of 12 birds per treatment. These birds were used to determine metabolizable energy (ME) (8 birds per replicate) in the chicken house and NE (4 birds per replicate) in the chamber respectively at the same time. After a 4-d dietary and environment adaptation period, growth performance, energy values, energy balance and energy utilization were measured during the following 3 d. Multiple linear regression analyses were further performed to generate prediction equations for NE values based on the chemical components and ME values. The NE prediction equation were also validated on another wheat diet and another wheat bran diet with high correlation (r = 0.98, r = 0.75). Results: The NE values of 5 wheat and 5 wheat bran samples are 9.34, 10.02, 10.27, 11.33, and 10.49 MJ/kg, and 5.37, 5.17, 4.87, 5.06, and 4.88 MJ/kg DM, respectively. The equation with the best fit were NE = 1.968AME-0.411×ADF-14.227 (for wheat) and NE = -0.382×CF-0.362×CP-0.244×ADF+20.870 (for wheat bran). Conclusion: The mean NE values of wheat and wheat bran are 10.29 and 5.07 MJ/kg DM in AA broilers. The NE values of ingredients could be predicted by their chemical composition and energy value with good fitness.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.411-419
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• 2020

With the increasing number of skin care shops, service quality development that can meet the customer needs is needed to obtain differentiated competitive advantage. Accordingly this study was attempted to provide basic data on marketing necessary for operating a skin care shop by identifying the impact of service quality on perceived reciprocity and long-term relationship orientation among the customers using a skin care shop. This study conducted a survey of 290 female customers using skin care shops located in Seoul and Gyeonggi province, Jeollanamdo and Jeollabukdo, and Gyeongsangnamdo and Gyeongsangbukdo through personal visit, e-mail, and post service, and the collected data were analyzed with SPSS Ver. 18.0 and Amos Ver. 18.0. As a result, it was proven that overall goodness-of-fit to the theoretical model of the research hypotheses set in this study is good. In Hypothesis 1, "Skin care specialist's work ability, facility and sanitation, and care products had a significant positive (+) impact on perceived reciprocity," which was partially adopted. In Hypothesis 2, "Skin care specialist's work ability, care products, and devices and tools had a significant positive (+) impact on long-term relationship orientation," which was adopted. In Hypothesis 3, "Perceived reciprocity had a significant positive (+) impact on long-term relationship orientation," which was adopted. Therefore, it can be concluded that skin care specialist's work ability, facility and sanitation, care products, and devices and tools are the service quality elements for allowing customers to feel thankful or encouraging them to visit the skin care shops continuously.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.502-517
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• 2022

As the use of TBM increases, research has recently increased to to analyze TBM data with machine learning techniques to predict the exchange cycle of disc cutters, and predict the advance rate of TBM. In this study, a regression prediction of disc cutte wear of slurry shield TBM site was made by combining machine learning based on the machine data and the geotechnical data obtained during the excavation. The data were divided into 7:3 for training and testing the prediction of disc cutter wear, and the hyper-parameters are optimized by cross-validated grid-search over a parameter grid. As a result, gradient boosting based on the ensemble model showed good performance with a determination coefficient of 0.852 and a root-mean-square-error of 3.111 and especially excellent results in fit times along with learning performance. Based on the results, it is judged that the suitability of the prediction model using data including mechanical data and geotechnical information is high. In addition, research is needed to increase the diversity of ground conditions and the amount of disc cutter data.

• Composites Research
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.98-105
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• 2022

In this study, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/graphene oxide (GO)/iron oxide (Fe₃O₄) magnetic microgels were prepared using a microfluidic approach and the dye adsorption capacity of the microgels was confirmed. The adsorption capacity (q_e) of the gels was evaluated by varying the dye concentration, pH, and contact time with the microgels. The dyes used in this work were methylene blue (MB), crystal violet (CV), and malachite green (MG), and microgels showed the highest adsorption capacity (191.1 mg/g) in methylene blue. The microgels exhibited the highest adsorption capacity in the dye aqueous solution at pH 10 due to the presence of atomic nitrogen ions (N⁺) on the dye molecules. The adsorption isotherm studies revealed that the Langmuir isotherm is the best fit isotherm model for the dye adsorption on the microgels, indicative of monolayer adsorption. The kinetic analysis exhibited that the pseudo-second order model fits better than the pseudo-first order model, confirming that the adsorption process is chemisorption. In addition, the magnetic microgels showed good reusability and recovery efficiency. It was confirmed that the adsorption capacity of the gels maintains more than 70% of the initial capacity after 5 times of cycle experiments.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.1405-1422
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• 2021

This study aimed to construct and test a hypothetical model to explain health-promoting behaviors among high school students in Korea. Data were collected from a self-administered questionnaire of 395 first-year to third-year students at a high school in Gyeonggi-do area. The exogenous variables of this study were family function, friend support, school life environment, and social capital of the local community, and endogenous variables were self-efficacy, self-regulation, and health-promoting behaviors. Data were analyzed by SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 22.0. The final model with 13 of the 9 analyzed paths showed a good fit to the empirical data: χ²/df=1.96, GFI=.90, AGFI=.88, CFI=.94, TLI=.93, RMSEA=.05, SRMR=.06. The variables included in these paths were family function (β=.57), self-efficacy (β=.29), self-regulation(β=.14), the social capital of local community (β=.14), and friend support (β=.13). The variables included in the nine significant paths explained 86% of variance in the explain model. Thus, it is necessary to build up a social support system for dysfunctional families and health-promoting behaviors of adolescents in the families and develop a program for creating the environment of the local community including schools.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.133-161
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to translate and validate the Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Identity Scale(LGBIS), which is a scale measuring the multidimensional identities of sexual minorities. For this, we conducted an exploratory factor analysis using a sample of 201 LGBs(homosexuals and bisexuals). Identical to the original scale, eight factors were extracted from the translated scale(i.e., concealment motivation, identity uncertainty, internalized homonegativity, difficult process, acceptance concerns, identity superiority, identity centrality, and identity affirmation), but one item was removed. In addition, the reliability coefficients of the eight factors except for concealment Motivation were satisfactory. The Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the 8-factor model had a good fit to the data. Finally, to verify the criterion validity, correlation among each eight factor and the scales measuring the identity related scale and the psychological-functioning scale were analyzed. In conclusion, the Korean version of the LGBIS consists of 8 factors and 26 items in total. Also it was found to be a valid measure for LGBS in Korea as well.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.177-188
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to develop and validate a scale for measuring digital literacy by identifying the factors consisting of digital literacy and extracting items for each factor. Preliminary items for the Delphi study were developed through the analysis of previous literature and the deliberation of the research team. As a result of two rounds of the expert Delphi study, 65 items were selected for the main survey. The validation of the items was carried out in the process of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, reliability test, and criterion validity test using the data collected in the main survey. As a result, a 4-factor structure composed of 31 questions(factor 1: digital technology & data literacy- 9 questions, factor 2: digital content & media literacy- 8 questions, factor 3: digital communication & community literacy- 9 questions, factor 4: digital wellness literacy - 5 questions) was confirmed. Also, the goodness of fit indices of the model were found to be good and the result of reliability test revealed the scale had a very appropriate level of Cronbach's alpha(α=.956). In addition, a statistically significantly positive correlations(p<.001) were found between digital literacy and internet self-efficacy and between digital literacy and self-directed learning ability, which were predicted in the existing evidence, therefore the criterion validity of the developed scale was secured. Finally, practical and academic implications of the study are provided and future study and limitations of the study are discussed.