• 자원환경지질
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.663-674
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• 2006

금광상에서 암석의 구조, 구조선에 따른 열수의 이동, 천열수 맥 구조, 광화작용상태 및 구성광물등을 정밀하게 분석하는 것은 광상의 배태현황, 천열수에 따른 열수광상의 성인을 확인하는 데 매우 중요하다. 따라서, 본 연구의 목적은 컬러코어스캐너 기법에 의해 구조선에 따른 열수의 이동 및 천열수 맥 구조 등에 대한 정밀한 정보를 통해 금광 배태상황과 성인을 연구하는 데 있다. 컬러코어스캐너 기법은 전남 해남지역 순신 금광산에서 천공된 3개 시추공의 시추코어 전체를 디지털 영상자료(digital image data)화하였다. 디지털 시추코어자료에서는 금이 배태하는 여러 형태의 천열수 맥 구조가 정밀하게 분석되었다. 즉, 빗살구조형, 정동구조형, 엽편상구조형, 각력구조형, 누대구조형 및 혼합구조형 등이다. 또한, 금광상 배태는 대부분 맥상체 형태의 구조들에 많이 배태하나 고품위의 금광은 각력상 형태의 구조내에 많이 배태하고 있음이 특징적이다. 금광상의 성인은 전형적인 천열수 금광상이다. 컬러코어스캐너 기법에 의한 디지털 시추코어 영상자료는 육안관찰에서 빠뜨린 부분을 다시 볼 수 있고, 반복해서 관찰 할 수 있기 때문에 암석내에 발달하는 구조상태 및 광상의 배태 현황 및 광상의 성인을 규명하는데 매우 유익하다고 판단된다.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.484-494
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• 2004

수왕금은광상은 백악기 중기의 반상화강암이나 선캠브리아기의 소백산 편마암 복합체에 발달한 열극을 충진한 석역맥에서 산출된다. 광물공생군에 대한 연구결과 광화작용은 4시기에 걸쳐서 일어났다. 광화 띠는 주요황화광물과 소량의 에렉트럼, 광화 II기는 에렉트럼, 광화 III기는 함은황화염광물과 소량의 에렉트럼, 그리고 광화IV기는 광석광물정출과 무관한 시기이다. 광물학적 연구 및 유체포유물 연구결과 수왕광상의 광석광물은 초기에는 고온(300$^{\circ}C$)에서 정출하여 후기로 가면서 온도가 150$^{\circ}C$까지 하강하는 경향을 보이고, 염농도는 섬아연석의 10.4wt.%에서 중정석의3.1wt.%의 영역을 보여준다. 수왕광상의 금은 광화작용은 140${\sim}$250$^{\circ}C$의 온도와 황분압이 $10^{-12}{\sim}10^{-18}$ atm을 갖는 광화유체에서 일어났다. 유체포유물의 비등증거로부터 광화작용이 진행되는 동안의 압력 조건은 정암압 환경에서 약 210bars 정도로 추정되며, 이는 대략 약 800m의 심도에서 광화작용이 일어났음을 시사한다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1991

North ore deposits of the Dunjeon gold mine is disseminated-stockworks deposits emplaced in Ordovician Dongjeom quartzite. Six types of fluid inclusions are recongnized in the stage I quartz. Among them polyphase inclusions(type-IV-A, B) are predominent in the lower part of stage I quartz crystals whereas liquid and gas inclusions(type I, II) are abundant in the upper part of the same quartz crystals. Liquid $CO_2$-bearing inclusions(type III-A, B)occur as pseudosecondary inclusions. Solid phases in polyphase inclusions are identified by using scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. The solid phases are as follows; halite, sylvite, hydrophyllite, quartz, muscovite, calcite, ankerite, K-Mg-Fe-Al-Si mineral, Ca-Fe-Si mineral, Mg-Al-Si mineral, two kinds of Fe-mineral and Cu-Fe mineral. Results of freezing and heating experiments of fluid inclusions and identification of daughter minerals in polyphase inclusions in the stage I quartz reveal that ore fluids were high saline system NaCl-KCl-$CaCl_2$-$H_2O$ in the earier stage and then evolved to rather simple system NaCl-$H_2O$ in the later stage, and temporally fluid mixing occured with system $CO_2$-$H_2O$. Homogenization temperatures and salinity of fluid inclusions in the stage I range from 290 to $454^{\circ}C$ and from 0.2 to 54.2 wt. % equivalent to NaCl.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.183-199
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• 1990

Ore deposits of Dongwon mine are composed of numerous gold and silver veins emplaced in sedimentary rocks of Cambrian Choseon Supergroup and granitoids of Cretaceous age. Ore veins of the mine can be divided into gold and silver veins on the base of vein structure, mineral assemblage and vein trends. Mutual relationships between gold and silver veins are uncertain. Gold veins are simple veins which are composed of base-metal sulfides, and electrum with quartz and ankerite. On the other hand, silver veins are complex veins which reveal three distinct stages of mineral deposition based on vein structure; stage I, deposition of small amounts of oxides and pyrite with quartz; stage II, deposition of base-metal sulfides, small amounts of Ag-bearing minerals, calcite and quartz; stage III, deposition of base metal sulfides, electrum, Ag-sulfosalts, native silver, carbonates and quartz. Homogenization temperature and salinity of fluid inclusion from quartz of gold vein are as follows; $229^{\circ}$ to $283^{\circ}C$, 4.7 to 6.4 wt.% equivalent NaCI. The ore mineralogy suggests that temperature(T) and sulfur fugacity($fs_2$) of the formation of the gold vein and stage III of silver vein are estimated as T ; $294^{\circ}$ to $318^{\circ}C$, $fs_2\;10^{-9.4}$ to $10^{-10.1}$ atm. and T; $240^{\circ}$ to $279^{\circ}C$, $fs_2;10^{-11.1}$ to $10^{-17.3}$ atm. respectively. Pressure condition during gold vein formation estimated from data of ore mineralogy and fluid inclusion range 500 to 750 bar.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.25-38
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• 2001

한반도 금은광화작용은 중생대 대보화성활동(약 200~130 Ma)과 불국사화성활동(약 120~60 Ma)의 관입시기에 따라 다양한 지질환경에서 형성된 상이한 금속비의 광상이 배태되고 있으며, 각각 서로 다른 정치깊이를 반영하여 광상성인적 유형뿐만 아니라 시 공간적 분포를 보이고 있다. 맥의 산상, 광물학적, 유체포유물 및 동위원소 연구결과에 의하면, 쥬라기 광상은 성인적으로 페그마타이트와 밀접한 연관성을 보이며, 낮은 금은비(Ag/Au ratio)의 금단일형 광상(197~127 Ma)으로 비교적 단순한 광물조합과 높은 금함량의 에렉트럼이 산출된다. 이러한 유형의 광상은 심부기원의 전형적인 괴상 단성맥의 구조를 보이며, 심부(>3.0kb)의 환경조건에서 마그마 기원의 고온성 광화 유체(약 300~45$0^{\circ}C$, $\delta$$^{18}$ O; 5~10$\textperthousand$)로부터 $CO_2$비등현상과 황화작용의 침전 메카니즘에 의해서 형성되었다. 반면, 백악기 금-은광상들은 주로 전형적인 복성맥의 구조를 보이고, 비철금속의 황화광물이외에도 다양한 함은.함은황염 광물조합에 기인한 높은 금은비의 금은혼합형 광상(108~71 Ma) 또는 은단일형 광상(98~71 Ma)으로 산출된다. 이러한 유형의 광상들은 천부의 지질환경(<1.0 kb)에서 지표수의 혼입에 따른 순환수 기원의 비교적 낮은 온도 광화유체(약 200~35$0^{\circ}C$, $\delta$$^{18}$ O; -10~5$\textperthousand$)로부터 비등 및 냉각작용에 의한 복합적인 침전 메카니즘으로 형성되었다. 즉, 쥬라기 금단일형 광상에 속하는 태창 보련 삼황학 대흥광산은 전형적인 심열수~중열수광상으로, 백악기 금은혼합형 광상에 속하는 무극 금왕 금봉 덕음광산과 백악기 은단일형 광상에 속하는 전주일 월유 은적광산은 중열수~천열수광상으로, 가사도광산은 전형적인 화산성 저유황형 천열수광상으로 각각 구분된다. 중생대 대보 화성암체와 불국사 화성암체의 지구조적 특성에 따른 정치심도의 차이는 광화유체의 온도, 압력, 조성 및 기원뿐만 아니라, 유체의 진화과정 및 금-은 광물의 침전 메카니즘을 좌우하며, 결과적으로 금-은광상의 금속비에 직접적인 영향을 준 것으로 해석된다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.261-271
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• 1987

Muguk gold deposits are composed of quartz veins emplaced along faults in Mesozoic granodiorite. General strikes and dips of the veins are $N15{\sim}20^{\circ}W$ and $70{\sim}80^{\circ}NE$. Associated ore minerals are pyrite, arsenopyrite, sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, native silver, argentite, tetrahedrite and electrum. Vein mineral paragenesis is complicated by repeated fracturing, but five distinct depositional stages can be recognized. Electrum grains are associated mainly with sulfide bands formed along both margins of pale pink quartz of stage 3, and with patches of pyrite aggregate of stage 4. Before the close down in 1972, Muguk gold mine yielded more than 8 tons of gold of which major portion was produced from the No.2 vein. No.2 vein, extending about 1,500m laterally, was exploited to a depth of about 750m. In 1984, Young-poong mining company acquired the mining property and began geologic mapping, geochemical and geophysical exploration, diamond drilling and exploration tunnelling around the mine area to seek for other rich gold-bearing quartz veins. As the Samhyungje vein was disclosed to be the most rich vein, exploration works were focussed on the Samhyungje vein. As of August 1987, 22,338m of diamond drilling and 9,652m of exploration tunnelling have been undertaken. Owing to the successful result of exploration, the Muguk mine commenced normal operation on January 1987, treating 5,500 tons of ore per month.

• 한국광물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국광물학회.대한자원환경지질학회.대한광업진흥공사 2002년도 추계 공동 심포지엄 논문집: 국내 자원의 현황과 전망
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• pp.119-136
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• 2002

Contrasts in the style of the gold-silver mineralization in geologic and tectonic settings in Korea, together with radiometric age data, reflect the genetically different nature of hydrothermal activities, coinciding with the emplacement age and depth of Mesozoic magmatic activities. It represents a clear distinction between the plutonic settings of the Jurassic Daebo orogeny and the subvolcanic environments of the Cretaceous Bulgugsa igneous activities. During the Daebo igneous activities (c.a. 200-150 (?) Ma) coincident with orogenic time, gold mineralization took place between c.a. 195 and 135 (127 ?) Ma. The Jurassic Au deposits commonly show several characteristics; prominent association with pegmatites, low Ag/hu ratios in the ore-concentrating parts, massive vein morphology and a distinctively simple mineralogy including Fe-rich sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, Au-rich electrum, pyrrhotite and/or pyrite. During the Bulgugsa igneous activities $(110\~50Ma)$, the precious-metal deposits are generally characterized by such features as complex vein morphology, medium to high AE/AU ratios in the ore concentrates, and diversity of ore minerals including base-metal sulfides, pyrite, arsenopyrite, Ag-rich electrum and native silver nth Ag sulfides, Ag-Sb-As sulfosalts and Ag tellurides. Vein morphology, mineralogical, fluid inclusion and stable isotope results indicate the diverse genetic natures of hydrothermal systems in Korea. The Jurassic Au-dominant deposits (orogenic type) were formed at the relatively high temperature $(about\;300^{\circ}\;to\;450^{\circ}C)$ and deep-crustal level $(4.0{\pm}1.5\;kb)$ from the hydrothermal fluids containing more amounts of magmatic waters $(\delta\;^{18}O_{H2O}\;5\~10\%_{\circ})$. It can. It can be explained by the dominant ore-depositing mechanisms as $CO_2$ boiling and sulfidation, suggestive of hypo- to mesothermal environments. In contrast, the Cretaceous Au-dominant $(l13\~68\;Ma),\;Au-Ag \;(108\~47\;Ma)$ and Ag-dominant $(103\~45\;Ma)$ deposits, which correspond to volcanic-plutonic-related type, occurred at relatively low temperature $(about\;200^{\circ}\;to\;350^{\circ}C)$ and shallow-crustal level $(1.0\{pm}0.5\;kb)$ from the ore-forming fluids containing more amounts of less-evolved meteoric waters$(\delta\;^{18}O_{H2O}\;-10\~5\%_{\circ})$. These characteristics of the Cretaceous precious-metal deposits can be attributed to the complexities in the ore-precipitating mechanisms (mixing, boiling, cooling), suggestive of epi- to mesothermal environments. Therefore, the differences of the emplacement depth between the Daebo and the Bulgugsa igneous activities directly influence the unique temporal and spatial association of the deposit styles.

• 대한자원환경지질학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한자원환경지질학회 2002년도 추계 공동 심포지엄 논문집
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• pp.119-136
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• 2002

Contrasts in the style of the gold-silver mineralization in geologic and tectonic settings in Korea, together with radiometric age data, reflect the genetically different nature of hydrothermal activities, coinciding with the emplacement age and depth of Mesozoic magmatic activities. It represents a clear distinction between the plutonic settings of the Jurassic Daebo orogeny and the subvolcanic environments of the Cretaceous Bulgugsa igneous activities. Dunng the Daebo igneous activities (c.a. 200～150 (\ulcorner) Ma) coincident with orogenic time, gold mineralization took place between c.a. 195 and 135 (127 \ulcorner) Ma. The Jurassic Au deposits commonly show several characteristics; prominent association with pegmatites, low Ag/Au ratios In the ore-concentrating parts, massive vein morphology and a distinctively simple mineralogy including Fe-rich sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, Au-rich electrum, pyrrhotite and/or pyrite. During the Bulgugsa igneous activities (110～50 Ma), the precious-metal deposits are generally characterized by such features as complex vein morphology, medium to high Ag/Au ratios in the ore concentrates, and diversity of ore minerals including base-metal sulfides, pyrite, arsenopyrite, Ag-rich eletrum and native silver with Ag sulfides, Ag-Sb-As sulfosalts and he tellurides. Vein morphology, mineralogical, fluid inclusion and stable isotope results indicate the diverse genetic natures of hydrothermal systems in Korea. The Jurassic Au-dominant deposits (orogenic type) were formed at the relatively high temperature (about 300$^{\circ}$ to 45$0^{\circ}C$) and deep-crustal level (4.0$\pm$1.5 kb) from the hydrothermal fluids containing more amounts of magmatic waters ($\delta$$^{18}$ $O_{H2O}$; 5～10$\textperthousand$). It can be explained by the dominant ore-depositing mechanisms as $CO_2$ boiling and sulfidation, suggestive of hypo- to mesothermal environments. In contrast, the Cretaceous Au-dominant (l13～68 Ma), Au-Ag (108～47 Ma) and AE-dominant (103～45 Ma) deposits, which correspond to volcanic-plutonic-related type, occurred at relatively low temperature (about 200$^{\circ}$ to 35$0^{\circ}C$) and shallow-crustal level (1.0$\pm$0.5 kb) from the ore-forming fluids containing more amounts of less-evolved meteonc waters ($\delta$$^{18}$ $O_{H2O}$;-10～5$\textperthousand$). These characteristics of the Cretaceous precious-metal deposits can be attributed to the complekities in the ore-precipitating mechanisms (mixing, boiling, cooling), suggestive of epi- to mesothermal environments. Therefore, the differences of the emplacement depth between the Daebo and the Bulgugsa igneous activities directly influence the unique temporal and spatial association of the deposit styles.les.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.421-434
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• 1999

Gas and chemical compositions of fluid inclusions in quartz some of Au-Ag, Pb-Zn-Cu and W-Mo mineral deposits in South Kores were analyzed to interpret the sources of ore fluid and the depositional condition of ore minerals in base-metal ore deposits. Fluid inclusions in quartz from the gold and silver mines are characterized by $CO_2$ rich fluids which have a wide range in $CH_4 \;and\; CO_2$ contents ($CH_4/CO_2$=0.001-0.225). The $CO_2$ rich but $CH_4$-poor nature of the fluid reflects the high fo2 condition during the mineral precipitation. The C2H6 is detected in hydrothermal quartz vines in metasedimentary rocks from the Jeonjoo-il, Youngbokari and Taechang mines. The $CH_4 /CO_2$ rations in W-Mo bearing quartz veins range from 0.005 to 0.214, which is similar with those in Au-Ag mines. However, skarn formation stage. Fluid inclusions, A relatively good correlation between Na and Cl contentrations reflects varible salinity in the fluid inclusion, it is suggested that the chemistry of promary magmatic hydrothermal fluids has changed during post-magmatic alteration and/or wall rock alteration processes. The content of gas compositions also depends on the kinds of country rocks, supporting above conclusion.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.9-14
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• 1981

The influence of laundering conditions on calcium deposition on the fabric was studied by repeated laundering the cotton fabric with soap in the hard water of 200 P.P.M. $CaCO_3$. The experimental variables were: 1) soap concentrations ($0.06\%$, $0.13\%$, $0.25\%$), 2) water contents in the fabric after hydroextraction. ($65\%$, $150\%$, $315\%$), 3) builders (Na-EDTA, sodium carbonate, sodium metasilicate), 4) washing cycle (5, 10, 15, 20 cycles). The fabric was washed for 15 minutes at $23\pm1^{\circ}C$ in a washing machine (Model; Gold Star Wp-2005) under the similar conditions with those of home laundering, and rinsed 5 times for 5 minutes. The amount of calcium deposits on the fabric was determined by the EDTA-Back titration method described by Wasserman and Basch. Results of this study were follows: 1) The amount of calcium deposits on the fabric increased with increasing wash cycles. 2) During the rinsing process, residual calcium content on the fabric increased with water content in the fabric after hydroextraction. 3) The amount of calcium deposits on the fabric decreased with the increasing soap concentration above the equivalent amount of calcium ion content in the water. 4) Sequestering agents and alkaline builders influenced the amount of calcium deposits on the fabric. The amount of calcium deposits on the fabric was in the order of sodium metasilicate, sodium carbonate, nonbuilder, and EDTA.