• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.340-346
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• 2018

PURPOSE. In this study, the shear bond strengths (SBS) of luting cements to fixed superstructure metal surfaces under various seating forces were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Seven different cements [Polycarboxylate (PCC), Glass-Ionomer (GIC), Zinc phospahate (ZPC), Self-adhesive resin (RXU), Resin (C&B), and Temporary cements ((RXT) and (TCS))] were bonded to a total number of 224 square blocks ($5{\times}5{\times}3mm$) made of one pure metal [Titanium (CP Ti) and two metal alloys [Gold-Platinum (Au-Pt) and Cobalt-Chrome (Co-Cr)] under 10 N and 50 N seating forces. SBS values were determined and data were analyzed with 3-way ANOVA. Pairwise comparisons and interactions among groups were analyzed with Tukey's simultaneous confidence intervals. RESULTS. Overall mean scores indicated that Co-Cr showed the highest SBS values ($1.96{\pm}0.4$) (P<.00), while Au-Pt showed the lowest among all metals tested ($1.57{\pm}0.4$) (P<.00). Except for PCC/CP Ti, RXU/CP Ti, and GIC/Au-Pt factor level combinations (P<.00), the cements tested under 10 N seating force showed no significantly higher SBS values when compared to the values of those tested under 50 N seating force (P>.05). The PCC cement showed the highest mean SBS score ($3.59{\pm}0.07$) among all cements tested (P<.00), while the resin-based temporary luting cement RXT showed the lowest ($0.39{\pm}0.07$) (P<.00). CONCLUSION. Polycarboxylate cement provides reliable bonding performance to metal surfaces. Resin-based temporary luting cements can be used when retrievability is needed. GIC is not suitable for permanent cementation of fixed dental prostheses consisting of CP Ti or Au-Pt substructures.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.68-73
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• 2009

Recently, as titanium and titanium alloys are being increasingly used in wide areas, there are on-going researches to obtain high quality weld zone. In particular, growing interest is being drawn to laser welding, which involves low heat input and large aspect ratio in various welding processes and can facilitate shield in atmospheric condition compared with electron beam welding. The first report covered the analysis of embrittlement by the bead color of weld zone through quantitative analysis of oxygen and nitrogen and measurement of hardness as basic experiment to apply laser welding to titanium. Results indicated that the element that affect embrittlement the most was nitrogen, and as embrittlement and oxygenation go on, bead color changed to silver, gold, brown, blue and gray. This study performed butt welding of pure titanium and STS304 by using 1kW CW Nd:YAG laser, and to find out basic physical properties, evaluated welding performance by laser output, welding speed, root gap and misalignment etc, and examined mechanical properties through tensile stress and Erichsen test. The reason particles of pure titanium welded metal and HAZ are greater than STS304 is because they are pure metal and do not include many impure elements that work as nuclei in case of resolidification, thus becoming coarse columnar crystals eventually. In addition, the reason STS304 requires more energy during welding than pure titanium is because the particle size of base metal is smaller.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.187-196
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• 2019

강릉 굴산사지에서 출토된 청동기 25점은 에너지분광분석기(EDS)와 전자탐침X선분석기(EPMA)를 이용하여 성분분석해준 결과 출토된 청동기가 구리-주석의 2원계 혹은 구리-주석-납의 3원계 합금임을 알 수 있다. 합금 이후 주조 혹은 단조공정이 진행되었으며 청동고리의 경우, 금도금이 되어있음을 알 수 있다. 납 동위원소는 열이온화질량분석기(TIMS)와 레이저삭막 유도결합플라즈마질량분석기(LA-MC-ICPMS)를 이용해 주었으며, 분석결과 출토지와 근거리의 납 원료를 사용한 것을 확인하였다. 본 연구는 연구 데이터가 많지 않은 강릉지역 청동기의 제작기술 및 산지추정에 연구 목적이 있으며, 굴산사 실체의 확인 및 12~13세기 고려시대 청동기의 분석자료 구축에 기여할 것으로 생각된다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.599-610
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• 2001

Due to an increasing interest in esthetics and concerns about toxic and allergic reactions to certain alloys, patients and dentists have been looking for metal-free tooth-colored restorations. Recent improvement in technology of new all-ceramic materials and composite materials has broadened the options for esthetic single crown restorations. The aim of this investigation was to study the fracture strength of the metal-free posterior single crowns fabricated using two recently introduced systems, Empress 2 ceramic and Targis-Vectris. Forty premolar-shaped stainless steel dies with the 1mm-wide circumferential shoulder were prepared. Ten cylindrical crowns having a diameter of 8.0mm and total height of 7.5mm were fabricated for each crown system respectively(PFM, Empress staining technique, Empress 2 layering technique, and Targis- Vectris). The crowns were filled with cement and placed on the stainless steel dies with firm finger pressure. The crowns were then stored in distilled water at room temperature for 24 hours before testing. The crowns were tested for fracture strength in an Instron universal testing machine (Instron 6022). With a crosshead speed of 1mm/min the center of the occlusal surface of the crown was loaded using a 4-mm-diameter stainless steel ball until fracture occurred. The fracture surfaces of the crowns were gold coated and examined using scanning electron microscopy(Jeol JSM-840 Joel Ltd., Akishima, Tokyo, Japan). Within the parameters of this study the following conclusions were drawn: 1. The mean fracture strength for PFM crowns was 5829(${\pm}906$)N; for Empress staining technique the fracture strength was 1697(${\pm}604$)N; for Empress 2 Layering technique the fracture strength was 1781N(${\pm}400$)N, and the fracture strength for Targis- Vectris was 3093(${\pm}475$)N. 2. The fracture strength of the PFM crowns was significantly higher than that of the Empress 2 and the Targis-Vectris crowns (P<0.05). 3. The fracture strength of the Targis-Vectris crowns was significantly higher than that of the Empress 2 crowns (P<0.05). 4. No statistical difference was found when Empress staining technique was compared with Empress 2 layering technique. 5. The SEM image of fracture surface of Empress 2 crown showed a very dense microstructure of the lithium disilicate crystals and the SEM image of fracture surface of Targis-Vectris crown showed indentations of Vectris and some fibers tom off from Vectris.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.4-17
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• 2021

본 연구는 창녕 교동과 송현동 고분 15호분에서 출토된 마구류인 입주부운주와 행엽 18건 19점을 분석하였다. 입주부운주와 행엽은 마구 장신구로 실용성보다는 신분 과시의 목적으로 사용되었는데 가야문화권 내 모든 고분에서 출토되고 있으므로 각 문화권 제작 기법 및 원료 산지를 비교할 수 있는 유물로 생각된다. 본 연구에서는 입주부운주와 행엽의 부위에 따른 제작 기법 및 원료 산지를 확인하여 5~6세기로 추정되는 비화가야의 금제 유물 제작 기술에 대해 연구하고자 하였다. 연구 결과 입주부운주는 순구리로 제작되었으며, 표면에 금(Au)·은(Ag)·수은(Hg) 등이 함께 검출되어 수은 아말감법으로 도금하였음이 확인된다. 어린문, 편원어미형 행엽의 분석 결과 바탕층(철)-중간층(구리)-도금층(금·은)이 확인되며, 구리(Cu)와 표면 금(Au)·은(Ag) 도금층은 수은 아말감법으로 도금한 철지금동판장 기법으로 확인된다. 심엽형 행엽은 바탕 금속에서는 철(Fe), 표면층에서는 은(Ag)이 주성분으로 검출되는 것으로 보아 철지은장 기법으로 제작되었으며, 바탕 금속과 도금층은 원두정을 이용해 고정한 것으로 판단된다. 창녕에서 출토된 마구류 19점의 원료 산지는 한반도 납동위원소비 분포도와 마부치히사오(馬淵久夫), 중국 납동위원소비 데이터를 통해 확인한 결과 보요(2점) 및 어린문 행엽(1점)은 한반도 남부 태백산분지의 구리 광석을 사용하였으며, 나머지 16점은 중국의 구리 광석을 원료로 사용한 것으로 추정된다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.169-181
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• 2007

Statement of problem: Titanium is well known as a proper metal for the dental restorations, because it has an excellent biocompatibility, resistance to corrosion, and mechanical property. However, adhesion between titanium and dental porcelains is related to the diffusion of oxygen to the reaction layers formed on cast-titanium surfaces during porcelain firing and those oxidized layers make the adhesion difficult to be formed. Many studies using mechanical, chemical and physical methods to enhance the titanium-ceramic adhesion have been actively performed. Purpose: This study meant to comparatively analyse the adhesion characteristics depending on different titanium surface coatings after coating the casts and wrought titanium surfaces with Au and TiN. Material and method: In this study, the titanium specimens (CP-Ti, Grade 2, Kobe still Co. Japan) were categorized into cast and wrought titanium. The wrought titanium was cast by using the MgO-based investment(Selevest CB, Selec). The cast and wrought titanium were treated with Au coating($ParaOne^{(R)}$., Gold Ion Sputter, Model PS-1200) and TiN coating(ATEC system, Korea) and the ultra low fusing dental porcelain was fused and fired onto the samples. Biaxial flection test was done on the fired samples and the porcelain was separated. The adhesion characteristics of porcelain and titanium after firing and the specimen surfaces before and after the porcelain fracture test were observed with SEM. The atomic percent of Si on all sample surfaces was comparatively analysed by EDS. In addition, the constituents of specimen surface layers after the porcelain fracture and the formed compound were evaluated by X-ray diffraction diagnosis. Result: The results of this study were obtained as follows : 1. The surface characteristics of cast and wrought titanium after surface treatment(Au, TiN, $Al_2O_3$ sandblasting) were similar and each cast and wrought titanium showed similar bonding characteristics. 2. Before and after the biaxial flection test, the highest atomic weight change of Si component was found in $Al_2O_3$ sandblasted wrought titanium(28.6at.% $\rightarrow$ 8.3at.%). On the other hand, the least change was seen in Au-Pd-In alloy(24.5at.% $\rightarrow$ 9.1at.%). 3. Much amount of Si components was uniformly distributed in Au and TiN coated titanium, but less amount of Si's was unevenly dispersed on Al2O3 sandblasting surfaces. 4. In X-ray diffraction diagnosis after porcelain debonding, we could see $Au_2Ti$ compound and TiN coating layers on Au and TiN coated surfaces and $TiO_2$, typical oxide of titanium, on all titanium surfaces. 5. Debonding of porcelain on cast and wrought titanium surface after the biaxial flection is considered as a result of adhesion deterioration between coating layers and titanium surfaces. We found that there are both adhesive failure and cohesive failure at the same time. Conclusion: These results showed that the titanium-ceramic adhesion could be improved by coating cast and wrought titanium surfaces with Au and TiN when making porcelain fused to metal crowns. In order to use porcelain fused to titanium clinically, it is considered that coating technique to enhance the bonding strength between coating kKlayers and titanium surfaces should be developed first.