• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.21-26
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• 2008

Since goat milk infant formula has been increased, it is expected that goat milk consumption would be increased. This review summarizes the characteristics of goat milk especially, milk fat, somatic cell count, and goaty flavor. Average milk fat content for one year of twelve goat milk farms was 3.6%, but $2.9{\sim}3.1%$ in summer, which means summer goat milk could not meet the 'Processing and Ingredient Standard for Animal Products'. More than 3.2% for goat milk fat content in 'Processing and Ingredient Standard for Animal Products' should be amended. In addition to, hygienic standard for goat milk should be newly established because goat milk has naturally higher somatic cell count with noninfectious factors. It is thought that 6-trans nonenal and some branched fatty acids are responsible for the goaty flavor. It is necessary to minimize goaty flavor from farm to table because goaty flavor is the most important factor for the promotion of goat milk industry.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.635-650
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• 2024

In this study, we analyzed the physicochemical and sensory properties of black goat jerky marinated with various spices (non-spice, control; rosemary, RO; basil, BA; ginger, GI; turmeric, TU; and garlic, GA). The physicochemical properties of black goat jerky analyzed were pH, water holding capacity, color, cooking yield, shear force, and fatty acid composition. The sensory characteristics were analyzed through the aroma profile (electronic nose), taste profile (electronic tongue), and sensory evaluation. The pH and water holding capacity of the GI showed higher values than the other samples. GI and GA showed similar values of CIE L^* and CIE a^* to that of the control. The shear force of the GI and TU was significantly lower than that of other samples (p<0.05). Regarding fatty acid composition, GI showed high unsaturated and low saturated fatty acid contents compared with that of the other samples except for RO (p<0.05). In the aroma profile, the peak area of hexanal, which is responsible for a faintly rancid odor, was lower in all treatment groups than in the control. In the taste profile, the umami of spice samples was higher than that of the control, and among the samples, GI had the highest score. In the sensory evaluation, the GI sample showed significantly higher scores than the control in terms of flavor, aroma, goaty flavor, and overall acceptability (p<0.05). Therefore, marinating black goat jerky with ginger powder enhanced the overall flavor and reduced the goat odor.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.300-306
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• 1993

2-Methylbutanoic, 3-methylbutanoic, 4-methylpentanoic, 2-ethylhexanoic, 4-methylhexanoic, 4-methyloctanoic, 6-methyloctanoic, 4-ethylhexanoic. 4-methylhexanoic 및 2-ethylhexanoic acids를 포함하는 다수의 volatile branched-chain fatty acids(VBCFAs)가 쇠고기, 돼지고기, 염소고기(미국산 흰염소고기, 한국산 흑염소고기), 양고기로부터 분리, 동정되었다. 쇠고기 향은 amino acid, carbohydrate, 그리고 lipid의 반응에 의해 생성된 향기성분에 의해 이루어지는 기본 meaty flavor로 결정되어 지는 반면, 염소고기가 양고기의 경우는 쇠고기의 기본향에 4-ethyloctanoic acid와 4-methyloctanoic acid의 독특한 노린내가 더해지므로 염소고기나 양고기 특유의 향을 내었다. 돼지고기는 3-methylbutanoic acid 함량이 다른 세종류에 비해 높고 3-methylbutanoic acid 특유의 꼬린냄새는 돼지고기의 기름층으로부터 나는 unclean flavor 에 중요한 영향을 미치는 것으로 생각된다. 염소고기는 C5-C7 chain length의 volatile branched 및 n-chain fatty acids를 적게 함유하고 있는 반면 4-ethyloctanoc acid는 염소고기의 노린내를 내는 결정적인 화합물이었다. 4-Methyloctanoic acid는 양고기의 sweaty-muttony flavor를 내는 중요한 화합물이었으며 염소고기와는 달리 C5, C6, 그리고 C7 branched-chain fatty acids 도 상당량 함유되어 있었다. 한국산 흑염소고기와 미국산 흰염소고기 중에 들어있는 VBCFAs의 종류는 같으나, 한국산 흑염소고기가 미국산 흰염소고기 보다 노린내가 강하며 4-ethyloctanoic 의 함량도 높았다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.345-350
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• 2007

본 연구는 감귤을 이용하여 산양취가 저감된 산양유 요구르트를 개발하고자 감귤농축액과 감귤향 그리고 과당을 이용하여 산양유 요구르트를 제조하였으며, 제조된 산양유 요구르트의 이화학적 특성 및 관능적 특성을 조사하여 반응표면분석을 이용하여 세 가지 요인이 이화학적 특성 및 관능적 특성에 미치는 영향을 도출하고 감귤 산양유 요구르트의 최적 제조조건을 설정하였다. 제조된 산양유 요구르트의 이화학적 특성에 있어서는 감귤농축액의 첨가가 pH, 적색도, 및 황색도에 고도로 유의적인(p<0.01) 영향을 나타내었으며, 관능적 특성에 있어서는 감귤농축액의 첨가가 색에, 과당의 첨가가 전체적인 기호도에 고도로 유의적인(p<0.01) 영향을 나타내었다. 반응표면 분석에 의한 산양취의 최대값은 2.35, 최소값은 1.08로 두배이상 차이가 나타났으며, 산양취를 최소화시키는 배합조건은 감귤농축액 1.44%,감귤향 0.0357%,및 과당 6.91%이었다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제66권4호
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• pp.807-833
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• 2024

Elderly people avoid eating red meat and dried meat product due to its texture and stiffness; they deprive them of rich sources of nutrients. In addition, food-related diseases are exponentially increasing due to using synthetic additives in food products. Therefore, this research aimed to develop semi-dried goat meat jerky considering geriatric preferences by using natural tenderizers and nitrate. Four treatments were formulated negative control (NC [synthetic nitrite without tenderizers]), positive control (PC [Swiss chard without tenderizers]), T1 (Swiss chard with pineapple powder), and T2 (Swiss chard with pineapple and tomato powder). T1 and T2 had higher processing yield, and rehydration capacity compared with NC and PC. The fat content of T1 and T2 was lower than the control groups. Moisture was significantly higher in T1, NC, and T2 than in PC (p < 0.05). T2 showed the lowest water activity (0.87), lowest shear force (4.82 kgf), and lowest total plate count (TPC). The lowest pH and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were observed in T1 and T2. T1 showed the lowest lightness and the maximum redness (p < 0.05) while PC showed the lowest yellowness. During the storage period, moisture and pH decreased, and TPC and TBARS significantly increased whereas water activity is stable regardless of the treatment. The results of the myofibrillar fragmentation index (MFI) and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel revealed that T1 and T2 more effectively converted protein to polypeptides. In addition, tenderizers positively affected thrombogenicity, atherogenicity, and hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic indices. T2 observed the highest overall sensory acceptance by reducing goaty flavor. Overall, jerky treated with tenderizers is easily chewable and digestible for the elderly due to its tenderness and essential fatty acids that would be senior-friendly food.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.639-658
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• 2023

Although goat meat has several health benefits than other red meats but comsumers reluctant it due to its unpleasant flavor. This study aimed to investigate the odorant of goat meat as well as compare the quality traits of meat regarding sex status. The loin meats [non-castrated male (NCM), castrated male (CM), and female (FM)] were collected and stored at 4℃ in a laboratory refrigerator and analyzed on the 1^st, 5^th, and 8^th consecutive days. The moisture content was the lowest and the protein content was highest in FM (p<0.05). Fat and ash content in NCM and FM were similar while lowest in CM. The CIE L^* was significantly higher in NCM, but there were no significant differences of CIE a^* and CIE b^* within groups at initial day. The color intensity increased on the 5^th storage day and decreased again after the 8^th storage day, except in NCM. NCM displayed the highest thiobarbituric acid reactive substances value (p<0.05), whereas CM displayed a higher pH value than other groups throughout the storage period. Indole levels were the highest in NCM (0.031 mg/kg); however, skatole levels were not significant differences across all treatments (p>0.05). No significant difference was observed in the fatty acid composition between NCM and CM (p>0.05), whereas a significant difference was observed in FM (p<0.05). Most of the water-soluble metabolites showed significant differences between sexes. Overall, sex status effects on quality properties of meat and castration can improve the overall sensory acceptance by reducing goaty flavor of Korean native black goat meat.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.662-683
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• 2024

Thai-Native×Anglo-Nubian goat meat cooked by grilling (GR), sous vide (SV), and microwave (MW), was compared to fresh meat (Raw) in terms of flavor development. Non-volatile [i.e., free amino acids, nucleotide-related compounds, taste active values (TAVs) and umami equivalency, sugars, lipid oxidation, Maillard reaction products] and volatile compounds, were investigated. Notably, inosine monophosphate and Glu/Gln were the major compounds contributing to umami taste, as indicated by the highest TAVs in all samples. Raw had higher TAVs than cooked ones, indicating that heat-cooking removes these desirable flavor and taste compounds. This could be proportionally associated with the increase in aldehyde, ketone, and nitrogen-containing volatiles in all cooked samples. GR showed the highest thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (1.46 mg malonaldehyde/kg sample) and browning intensity (0.73), indicating the greatest lipid oxidation and Maillard reaction due to the higher temperature among all cooked samples (p<0.05). In contrast, SV and Raw exhibited similar profiles, indicating that low cooking temperatures preserved natural goat meat flavor, particularly the goaty odor. The principal component analysis biplot linked volatiles and non-volatiles dominant for each cooked sample to their unique flavor and taste. Therefore, these findings shed light on cooking method selection based on desirable flavor and preferences.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.69-73
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• 2015

The world is presently facing key challenges due to the population explosion, shortages in renewable sources of energy, and environmental problems. One important aspect of ecological intensification is the use and improvement of marginal lands and spaces often ignored, until now. Goats are known to be well adapted to scrubs, forage trees, and rangelands. Goats could contribute marginally, but significantly, to the growing demand for meat without using arable lands. Since 2000, there were 752 million goats globally, and goat livestock increased by 26.8% in 2010, accounting for 954 million heads. Goats are widespread due to their high adaptability to different environmental conditions and nutritional regimes, high productivity, and low maintenance cost. A significant growth in goat number was noticed in the period 2000~2010 in the Netherlands (+113.83%), in spite of the 9.75% decrease in EU-27. A cheese making goat farm in the Netherlands showed how it can survive in the one fifth size of the average. It may be a good model for the Korean goat industry since it uses seasonal breeding and results in reduced "goaty" flavor in the cheese.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.483-497
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• 2024

This study investigated the effects of ultra-ground seaweed powders (USP) on the physicochemical properties (proximate composition, mineral contents, pH, color, shear force, sensory evaluation, electronic nose, and electronic tongue) of restructured black goat jerky. Restructured black goat jerky was prepared using three different treatments, i.e., 3% (w/w) each of ultra-ground sea tangle (ST; Undaria pinnatifida), sea mustard (SM; Saccharina japonica), and sea string (SS; Gracilaria verrucosa) powders. Moisture and ash contents were significantly higher in the USP-treated group than in the control (p<0.05). Potassium, calcium, and zinc contents were significantly higher in the SM than in the other USP-treated groups (p<0.05). In contrast, pH values were significantly higher in the ST and SM than in the control and SS (p<0.05). CIE L^*, CIE a^*, CIE b^*, and shear force were significantly lower in the USP-treated groups than in the control (p<0.05). Sensory evaluation revealed no significant difference in taste, texture, seaweed-like odor, and goaty flavor (p<0.05). Principal component analysis (PCA) and peak graph analysis of the electronic nose showed that the SS differed the most from the control compared with the other USP-treated groups, owing to the seaweed odor of ultra-ground SS powder. The PCA and ranking analysis of the electronic tongue showed that the umami taste of the SM was higher than that of the control and other USP-treated groups. Therefore, the potassium, calcium, zinc contents, and umami taste of reconstituted black goat jerky were significantly higher in the SM than in the control and other USP-treated groups.