• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.84-88
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• 2014

Licoricidin isolated from Glycyrrhiza uralensis is known to have anticancer, anti-nephritic, anti-Helicobacter pylori, and antibacterial effects. In this study, a cocktail probe assay and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) were used to investigate the modulating effect of licoricidin on cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in human liver microsomes. When licoricidin was incubated at $0-25{\mu}m$ with CYP probes for 60 min at $37^{\circ}C$, it showed potent inhibitory effects on CYP2B6-catalyzed bupropion hydroxylation and CYP2C9-catalyzed diclofenac 4'-hydroxylation with half maximal inhibitory concentration ($IC_{50}$) values of 3.4 and $4.0{\mu}m$, respectively. The inhibition mode of licoricidin was revealed as competitive, dose-dependent, and non-time-dependent, and following the pattern of Lineweaver-Burk plots. The inhibitory effect of licoricidin has been confirmed in human recombinant cDNA-expressed CYP2B6 and 2C9 with $IC_{50}$ values of 4.5 and $0.73{\mu}m$, respectively. In conclusion, this study has shown the potent inhibitory effect of licoricidin on CYP2B6 and CYP2C9 activity could be important for predicting potential herb-drug interactions with substrates that mainly undergo CYP2B- and CYP2C9-mediated metabolism.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2019년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.87-87
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• 2019

The consumption of herbal medicine and related products (herbal products) have increased in South Korea. At the same time the quality, safety, and efficacy of herbal products is being raised. Currently, the herbal products are standardized and controlled according to the requirements of the Korean Pharmacopoeia, the National Institute of Health and the Ministry of Public Health and Social Affairs. The validation of herbal products and their medicinal component is important, since many of these herbal products are composed of two or more medicinal plants. However, there are no tools to support the validation process. Interest in deep learning has exploded over the past decade, for herbal medicine using algorithms to achieve herb recognition, symptom related target prediction, and drug repositioning have been reported. In this study, individual images of four herbs (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz, Poria cocos Wolf, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer), actually sold in the market, were achieved. Certain image preprocessing steps such as noise reduction and resize were formatted. After the features are optimized, we applied GoogLeNet_Inception v4 model for herb image recognition. Experimental results show that our method achieved test accuracy of 95%. However, there are two limitations in the current study. Firstly, due to the relatively small data collection (100 images), the training loss is much lower than validation loss which possess overfitting problem. Secondly, herbal products are mostly in a mixture, the applied method cannot be reliable to detect a single herb from a mixture. Thus, further large data collection and improved object detection is needed for better classification.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2019년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.103-103
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• 2019

Glycyrrhizae radix, commonly known as licorice, is a perennial herb belonging to Leguminosae and also includes various components such as, glycyrrhizin, liquiritin, liquiritigenin and isoliquiritigenin etc. Licorice has been widely used in East Asia as a medicine having pharmacological effects like antioxidants, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and immune modulatory activities. Among various licorice, Glycyrrhiza (G.) uralensis G. glabra and G. inflata are used for pharmaceutical purposes in Korea. However, cultivation of licorice has some problems such as low quality, low productivity, and early leaf drop. Korea Rural Development Administration developed new cultivars Wongam and Sinwongam, which are improved in cultivation and quality. To register the newly developed cultivar (s) on Ministry of Food and Drug Safety in Korea as a medicine, it is necessary to prove the similarity and difference through the comparative studies between already-registered species and new cultivars. Some fungi and bacteria usually in the human oral cavity and intestines exist as harmless state in human body. Also, the skin and genital infections by fungi can lead to toxic systemic infections and are accompanied by flushing, rashes, burning or painful sensation. The influences of licorice varieties on fungi and bacteria might be an evidence to prove the outstanding effect of newly developed licorice variety. In this study, the antifungal and antibacterial activity was investigated using newly developed licorice varieties Wongam, and Sinwongam against various fungi and bacteria. These results means newly developed licorice could be used as a replacement of already-registered species in terms of antifungal and antibacterial application.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.9-18
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• 2018

Objective : Many patients take antihypertensive drugs as well as herbal medicines at the same time in order to treat other symptoms or to keep their well-being. In this study, interactions between herbal medicines and synthetic antihypertensive drugs were analyzed. Methods : To investigate the interaction between herbal medicines and synthetic antihypertensive drugs, three electronic databases, including OASIS, Mediline and Sciencedirect were searched. Experimental and clinical studies on the interaction between herbal medicines and antihypertensive drugs were independently reviewed and included. Results : Analyzing selected studies, twenty herbs were found to interact with antihypertensive drugs. Herbs found to increase the antihypertensive effect were Panax ginseng, Carthamus tinctorius, Magnolia officinalis, Silybum marianum, Scutellaria baicalensis, Schisandra chinensis, Sophora flavescens, Piper nigrum, Curcuma longa, Ginkgo biloba, Juncus effuses and Hydrastis canadensis. In contrast, Commiphora myrrha, Rhodiola rosea, Hypericum perforatum, Eurycoma longifolia, and Daturae metel were found to inhibit the antihypertensive effect. Stephania tetrandra could increase or decrease the effect depending on the type of antihypertensive drug. Epedria sínica was suspected of pharmacodynamic interaction with antihypertensive drug. Glycyrrhiza uralensis has been reported to have serious side effects in combination with antihypertensive drugs. Conclusion : These results imply that when used in combination with herbal medicines and synthetic antihypertensive drugs, proper doses and herbs which are to avoid need to be informed to the patients. Despite concerns about interactions between herbal medicines and synthetic drugs, related research is very limited. More systematic researches are needed to give information on patient safety as well as to guide clinical practice.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2019

Objectives : The consumption of licorice is large in Korea, but domestic production is insufficient due to the lack of adaptability. This study aimed to provide a morphological basis for adding interspecific hybrid licorice with improved adaptability to pharmacopoeia. Methods : This study was to establish identification criteria for the original plants, external and internal morphology of the authentic herbal medicines (Glycyrrhiza uralensis, G. glabra and G. inflata), market products and artificially interspecific hybrid forms of licorice. For this purpose, previous studies were investigated and visual and histological observations were carried out. We focused on the internal morphology by microscopic observation for securing objectivity. Finally, we proposed the identification keys for precise classification of each part. Results : 1) Original plant : Licorice species in the compendium were distinguished by the number of leaflets, presence of hair on the fruit, curvature and swelling of the fruit. 2) External morphology : Licorice species were distinguished by degree of powderiness, tearing gap, radial structure in the cross section and existence of protrusion of outer epidermis. 3) Internal morphology : Licorice species were distinguished by the degree of development of phloem fiber bundle, development of obliterated sieve, whether the secondary medullary ray are branched. In the case of interspecific hybrids, the characteristics of both species used for hybridization were mixed in all observation methods. Conclusions : These results suggest that the interspecific crossbred licorice is suitable for the pharmacopoeial standard. Therefore, it can be applied as a herbal medicine through additional supplementary study.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.247-257
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• 2023

Objectives: To analyze the trend of Korean patents of natural product extracts for depression. This study also aimed to enhance the development and application of natural product extracts for depression in Korean herbal medicine. Methods: We searched the Korea Intellectual Property Rights Information Service and Science ON to collect Korean patent data of natural product extracts for depression. Two authors independently screened and assessed full texts of screened patents for eligibility. Included patents were analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. Results: A total of 62 patents from 2002 to December 2021 were included for analysis. The number of patents has constantly increased since 2002. Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer, Perilla frutescens Britton var. acuta Kudo, Zizyphus jujuba Miller var. inermis Rehder were frequently used among 62 patents. Alcohol extraction was mostly used, followed by water extraction and ethyl extraction regarding extract methods. Eight patents were herbal medicine used for treating depression in Korean Medicine. Conclusions: Various Korean herbal medicine and minerals were used as natural-products for treating depression. These results provide fundamental data that can be used for inventing new patents using Korean herbal medicine, developing new natural product extracts for depression, and extending the range of application of these products in clinical setting.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.369-384
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• 2023

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to review the recent clinical studies on Korean medicine for treatment of eating disorders. Methods: We searched clinical studies that verified the effectiveness of Korean medicine for the treatment of eating disorders. The search was done in 9 databases (Korean, Chinese, and English databases) from January 2016 to August 2023. Results: A total of 10 articles were retrieved. The articles were classified based on the type of study design: 1 database study, 2 case series, and 7 case reports. Among the articles, in 4 articles, acupuncture was used as a treatment intervention for bulimia nervosa, and in 6 articles herbal medicine was used as a treatment intervention for anorexia nervosa. The most frequent pattern identification was 'Liver qi depression', the most composed herb was 'Root of Glycyrrhiza uralensis (甘草)', and the most used acupoints were CV12 and SP6. All the studies showed positive results. Conclusions: Korean medicine for eating disorders treatments might be effective. However, the quality of evidence in the selected studies was low, and there was no comparison of the treatment effects using objective diagnostic tools. For more accurate results, systematically designed clinical studies using objective diagnostic tools should be conducted.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2005

약용식물내 에스트로겐성과 항-에스트로겐성을 조사하고 항암인자를 발견하기 위하여, 본 연구는 에탄올추출로 제조된 9종류의 한국산 약용식물에 대하여 재조합효모와 MCF-7 사람유방암세포주를 이용하여 스크리닝하고 비교하였다. 재조합효모를 이용한 실험결과, 7종류의 약용식물에서 에스트로겐성이 나타났고, 4종류에서 안드로겐성이 나타났다. 또한 MCF-7 사람유방암세포주를 이용한 실험결과, 8종류의 추출물이 MCF-7 세포의 성장을 억제하는 것으로 확인되었으며 비스페놀 A와 동시 처치한 경우에도 유의적으로 억제하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Cassia tora, Syringa velutina, Zingiber officinale, Malva verticillata, Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer는 식물성 에스트로겐으로서 에스트로겐에 양성인 사람유방암세포의 증식을 유의적으로 억제시키는 흥미로운 결과가 제시되었다. 따라서 이번 연구는 한국산 약용식물이 식물성 에스트로겐과 항암인자로서 이용될 수 있으며, 에스트로겐의 활성을 조사하는데 유용하게 이용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.744-751
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• 1995

천연 재료 중의 하나로 항산화 효과가 있는 감초를 동치미에 첨가하므로써 동치미의 맛과 발효숙성에 미치는 영향을 알아보았따. 감초 첨가량을 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5%로 달리하여 담근 동치미를 $10^{\circ}C$에 저장한 것(A군)과 실온($16{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$)에서 24시간 숙성 후 $4^{\circ}C$에 저장한 것(B군)을 각각 41일 까지 발효숙성 시키면서 이화학적 특성(pH, 총산 함량, 환원당, 총 비타민 C, 색도), 미생물학적 특성 및 관능적 특성을 조사하였다. 발효가 진행됨에 따라 pH는 모든 실험구에서 점차로 낮아졌는데 감초 첨가구의 pH가 감초를 첨가하지 않은 구 보다 약간 높았다. 총산 함량은 증가함을 보여 A군이 B군 보다 약간 많은 총산 함량을 나타내었으며 감초 첨가구가 감초를 첨가하지 않은 구 보다 적은 총산 함량을 나타내었다. 환원당 함량은 A군과 B군 모두 발효 13일에 감초 첨가구에서 가장 많이 증가하였으며 A군은 발효 32일에 모든 첨가구에서 크게 감소하였고, B군은 감초를 첨가하지 않은 구와 1.5% 감초 첨가구를 제외하고는 증가된 환원당 함량 상태를 그대로 유지하였다. 총 비타민 C 함량은 A군과 B군 모두 감초를 첨가한 구가 감초를 첨가하지 않은 구에 비해서 전반적으로 약간 높은 함량을 나타내었으며 B군이 A군 보다 총 비타민 C 함량이 약간 높았다. 색도는 A군과 B군 모두 발효의 진행과 함께 점차적으로 명도가 낮아졌는데 감초를 첨가하지 않은 구가 감초 첨가구에 비해서 덜 감소하였다. 젖산균수는 A군과 B군 모두 발효 2일에 크게 증가하여 발효 41일에 크게 감소하였고, B군의 경우는 계속 유지되었다. 감초 첨가구가 감초를 첨가하지 않은 구 보다 젖산균수가 더 많았다. 관능검사 결과 전반적으로 숙성일이 지남에 따라 A군 보다 B군의 점수가 더 높았으며 0.5% 감초 첨가구를 가장 좋아하였다. 본 실험의 결과에서는 전반적으로 $10^{\circ}C$에 저장한 것(A군) 보다 실온($16{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$)에서 23시간 숙성 후 $4^{\circ}C$에 저장한 것(B군)이 약간 우수했으며, 이화학적 특성에 있어서 감초를 첨가한 구가 많은 총 비타민 C 함량이나 젖산균수를 나타냈고, 관능검사 결과에서는 0.5% 감초 첨가구를 가장 좋아하였다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.62-71
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• 2010

감초분말을 첨가하여 된장을 제조한 후 관능특성 및 이화학적 품질특성을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 전반적인 기호도는 소금 농도 20%, 감초분말 4%(LD204) 첨가한 된장과 소금 농도 16%, 감초분말 2%(LD162) 첨가하여 제조한 된장이 우수하였다. 수분함량 변화는 대조군은 수분함량에 변화가 없었으나, LD204와 LD162는 숙성 1주일째 수분함량이 감소한 후 이후에는 거의 변화가 없었다. pH는 0일째 5.90~5.97로 비슷하였으나, 5주째 대조군은 5.90에서 5.72로 낮아졌으며, LD204는 0일째 5.95에서 1주째 5.42로 낮아진 이후 다시 서서히 높아져 5주째 5.93 으로 0일째와 비슷하였다. LD162는 0일째 5.97에서 1주째 소폭 증가 감소를 반복하여 5주째 6.32로 0일째보다 증가하였으며, LD204보다 pH가 높았다. 산도는 담금 직후부터 차이를 나타내어 대조군은 0일째 0.16%에서 서서히 증가하여 4주째 젖산 함량이 0.59%로 가장 높았으며 5주째는 소폭 감소하였다. LD204는 0일째 0.25%에서 서서히 증가하여 4주째 젖산 함량이 0.50%로 가장 높았으며 5주째 소폭 감소하여 대조군과 비슷한 경향이었다. LD162는 0일째 0.22%에서 서서히 증가하여 3주째 0.49로 가장 높았으며 4주 이후 감소하는 경향이었다. 염도는 0일째 대조군이 29.5%, LD204는 22.0%, LD162는 18%였으나 5주째 각각 34.0%, 29.0% 및 26.0%로 증가하였다. 당도는 0일째 대조군이 $32^{\circ}Brix$, LD204는 $28^{\circ}Brix$, LD162는 $26^{\circ}Brix$였으나 5일째 각각 $40^{\circ}Brix$, $32^{\circ}Brix$ 및 $30^{\circ}Brix$로 소폭 증가하였다. 재래된장보다 높은 염도에서 관능점수가 높게 나온 것은 감초의 감미 때문인 것으로 판단되나 앞으로 염도를 조금 더 낮춰준다면 약리성을 가지는 장류가 될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.