• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.119-129
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• 1995

Decomposition rates of glucose, starch, spinach leaves and litters in forests are calculated by equation dC dt=-kC(Co-1nC), dC- dt=$-kC^2$, and Olson's negative exponential decay model.dC dt = - kC =-kC(Co - InC) showed a very close fit to decomposition of the organic matters in cultural media by purified microorganisms and dC dt=$-kC^2$ to decomposition of the litters in forests. Key words: Organic matters, Cultural media, Glucose, Starch, Leaves, Litters.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.356-361
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• 1991

This study was conducted to determine the decomposition rate constants of organic matter and to evaluate the process of regeneration of inorganic nutrients in coastal and open seawater. The mixture solution of glucose and glutamic acid, and night soil were used as the test organic matter. Oxygen uptake of test solution was observed every day for 5 days for evaluation of decomposition rate constants, and nutrient contents were analyzed every day for 40 days. The decomposition rate constants have been determined by Thomas slope method and compared with the values of each waters. The values of rate constants for open seawater and coastal water containing the mixture of glucose and glutamic acid were 0.23/day and 0.21/day, and those containing night soil 0.23/day and 0.20/day, respectively. The difference of decomposition rate constants between test materials was not found and the valus for each seawater was equal to each other. The nitrification process took place after 22 days for open seawater when night soil was added to the waters.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.21-25
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• 1990

The amounts of monosaccharides in acid hydrolysates of decomposing plant residues under laboratory conditions were determined. Straw of cereal rice and barley, wild grass cutting, and litters of deciduous and coniferous forest trees were treated to decompose for 90 days. Samples for the analysis of mono-saccharides were taken at 3 different periods of incubation. 1. Fractions of monosaccahrides in plant residues steadily decreased with the time of decomposition. In some samples there appeared an intermediate stages where the fractions reached the highest level. 2. Decomposition of barley straw occured at a faster rate than that of rice straw, and so did the decomposition of deciduous litter than that of coniferous litter. 3. Cereal crop residues of rice and barley were richer in monosaccharides than residues of wild grass cutting and forest litters. 4. Distiction between monosaccharides of plant origin and those of microbial origin was not possible to make in this study. 5. Glucose was the predominent monosaccharide and fucose was the monosaccharide contained in the smallest amount. No measurable ribose was detected from any sample. 6. The relative proportion of galactose in creased with the time of incubation. 7. In general, the proportion of fucose decreased with time and so did that of rhamnose, rhamnose of rice straw residue being the exception. 8. The orders of abundance of monosaccharides after decomposition of 90 days were as the following: in rice straw; glucose > xylose > arabinose > galactose > rhamnose > mannose > fucose, in barley straw; glucose > xylose > arabinose > galactose> mannose > rhamnose > fucose, in wild grass cutting; glucose > xylose > galactose arabinose> rhamnose mannose > fucose, in deciduous litter; glucose > arabinose > xylose galactose > mannose > rhamnose = fucose, and in coniferous litter; glucose > xylose > galactose > arabinose mannose > rhamnose > fucose.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.226-230
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• 2009

Rice straw was pretreated using dilute sulfuric acid at reaction conditions covering two levels of reaction temperature (140, $150^{\circ}C$) and five levels of acid concentrations ($1.0{\sim}3.0%wt$). The production and decomposition rates of major components of rice straw indicating glucose, xylose, galactose and arabinose were investigated. The production rate of arabinose and the decomposition rate of xylose were greatest among them. The maximum attainable hemicellulose (xylose+galactose+arabinose) yield was about 80%. High acid concentration appears to favor the maximum yield but high temperature does not. The optimum condition was found to be $140^{\circ}C$, 2.5% and 20 minutes. The maximum glucose yields were almost same, around $16{\sim}18%$, regardless of reaction conditions.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.231-241
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• 1986

The annual decomposition of cellulose and hemicellulose by microorganism and distribution of soil microbial flora were investigated in the humus horizon of a Pinus rigida stand in Mt. Kwanak. The cellulase activity was the lowest, 142$\mu$g glucose/g/hr from Dec. 1985 to Mar. 1986 and the highest, 760~1, 072$\mu$g glucose/g/hr in Jul. and Aug. 1985. The xylanase activity was 47% higher than the cellulase activity and was the lowest, 211~275$\mu$g xylose /g/hr from Feb. to Mar. 1986 and the highest as 799~1, 322$\mu$g xylose/g/hr from Jun. to Aug. 1986. The vertical distribution of the enzyme activity was decreased with the order of F, H, L, and A1 in both enzymes and the activities were exponentially decreased below L horizon, which suggests that most decomposition be done in F and H horizons with lots of organic matters. The SEM study slowed that the main decomposers of litters were fungi and initial attack into litters was also made by them. The enzyme activities of soil had strong correlations with the temperature and the precipitation. The correlation coefficients were 0.813 and 0.886 in the cellulase, and 0.673 and 0.626 in the xylanase for the temperature and the precipitation, respectively.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.25-33
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• 2004

In this study we investigated whether ATP loss was involved in the potentiated death of immunostimulated rat primary astrocytes in glucose-deprived condition. Rat primary astrocytes immunostimulated with LPS plus IFN-${\gamma}$ for 48 h underwent death upon glucose deprivation, which dependent on the production of peroxynitrite. Intracellular ATP level synergistically decreased by glucose deprivation in immunostimulated astrocytes but not in control cells, and the loss of ATP occurred well ahead of the LDH release. The synergistic cell death and ATP loss by immunostimulation and glucose deprivation were inhibited by iNOS inhibitor (L-NAME and L-NNA) or peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst (also a superoxide anion scavenger), Mn(III)tetrakis(N-methyl-4'-pyridyl)porphyrin (MnTMPyP). Exogenous addition of peroxynitrite generator, SIN-l timedependently induced ATP loss and cell death in the glucose-deprived astrocytes. Depletion of intracellular glutathione (GSH) and dis겨ption of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (MTP) were also observed under same conditions. Supply cellular ATP by the addition of exogenous adenosine or ATP during glucose deprivation inhibited ATP depletion, GSH depletion, MTP disruption and cell death in SIN-l treated or immunostimulated astrocytes. This study showed that perturbation in the regulation of intracellular ATP level in immunostimulated astrocytes might make them more vulnerable to energy challenging stimuli.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.60 no.2
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• pp.193-201
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• 2022

5-HMF(5-Hydroxymethylfurfural) and LA(levulinic acid) derived from biomass are green platform chemicals, which have a wide of potential applications as biofules and biochemicals. In this study, the kinetics of LA formation from glucose decomposition with various concentration of sulfuric acid at different temperature was investigated. The experiments were performed in a broad temperature (140-200 ℃), using H₂SO₄ (1-3 wt%) as the catalyst. Glucose solution was made by dissolving 1 g of glucose in 10 ml of H₂SO₄ solution. The reactions rates increased with temperature and the activation energy showed a similar tendency to previous reported values. Reaction time for maximum concentration of 5-HMF decreased as the temperature increased. Furthermore, the decomposition of 5-HMF was fast as the acid concentration increased. Reaction time to reach maximum concentration of levulinic acid was reduced as the acid concentration increased. Continuing to raise the temperature decreased the maximum concentration of levulinic acid and increased the amount of humins. On the basis of results, kinetic parameters help to understand mechanism of LA and 5-HMF. In addition, this study provides useful information to achieve high concentration of LA and 5-HMF from biomass.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.453-458
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• 2010

The magnetically separable polyaniline nanofiber enzymes were developed for the recycle of enzyme and enhanced enzyme stability. The stability of enzyme was maintained over 90% for 8 days under room temperature and vigorous shaking conditions (200 rpm). The residual activity of immobilized enzyme was over 60% after 8 days incubation at $55^{\circ}C$. Glucose was produced from various polysaccharides, agarose, curdlan, cellulose, and sea weed, using magnetically separable immobilized enzyme. Glucose production rate with curdlan was 1.2 g/(l h) and showed high decomposition rate due to high mass transfer. After 10 times recycle, the residual activity of immobilized enzyme was over 75%. 1 g/L of glucose was produced with 5 mg of immobilized enzymes.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.167-177
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• 2016

This work investigated the decomposition of aqueous anatoxin-a originated from cyanobacteria using an underwater dielectric barrier discharge plasma system based on a porous ceramic tube and an alternating current (AC) high voltage. Plasmatic gas generated inside the porous ceramic tube was uniformly dispersed in the form of numerous bubbles into the aqueous solution through the micro-pores of the ceramic tube, which allowed an effective contact between the plasmatic gas and the aqueous anatoxin-a solution. Effect of applied voltage, treatment time and the coexistence of nutrients such as $NO_3{^-}$, $H_2PO_4{^-}$ and glucose on the decomposition of anatoxin-a was examined. Chemical analyses of the plasma-treated anatoxin-a solution using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and ion chromatography (IC) were performed to elucidate the mineralization mechanisms. Increasing the voltage improved the anatoxin-a decomposition efficiency due to the increased discharge power, but the energy required to remove a given amount of anatoxin-a was similar, regardless of the voltage. At an applied voltage of 17.2 kV (oxygen flow rate: $1.0L\;min^{-1}$), anatoxin-a at an initial concentration of $1mg\;L^{-1}$ (volume: 0.5 L) was successfully treated within 3 min. The chemical analyses using LC-MS and IC suggested that the intermediates with molecular weights of 123~161 produced by the attack of plasma-induced reactive species on anatoxin-a molecule were further oxidized to stable compounds such as acetic acid, formic acid and oxalic acid.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.289-298
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• 1984

These studies were carried out to investigate the effects of rice straw on microflora in relation to the decomposition of organic matter, and the rate of rice straw decomposition. The number of total bacteria was increased in the first stage, and the number of microorganisms in upper layer was generally larger than lower layer. The number of fungi tended to decline as rice plant grew. Aerobacter among cellulose decomposition bacteria decreased with time, and the number of microorganisms in lower layer was higher than upper layer. The number of glucose decomposition bacteria and sulfate reducing bacteria increased in the submerged soil to which rice straw was applied, but decreased by percolation. the change of manganese oxidizing bacteria seemed not to be affected by rice straw application while they tend to increase as the rice plant grew. The aspect of microorganisms in the percolated water was same that of lower layer, but the number was low as much $10^{-1}$ during the whole stages. The decomposition rate of rice straw applied to submerged soil was about 40 per cent during the rice grew. The decomposition rate of cellulose contained rice straw was about 30 per cent, and lignin was about 60 per cent. The 70-80 per cent of nitrogen remained in the rice straw applied to soil.