• 대한약리학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.23-33
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• 1966

Hexachlorophene was reported previously to have a powerful parasiticidal effects on Clonorchis sinensis in vitro and in vivo, but the mechanism of its effect was not known. In the present report it was observed that there was an influence of hexachlorophene on the oxygen consumption, the glycolysis, the glycogenesis and the protein synthesis of C. sinensis. A hundred mg. of C. sinensis collected from the biliary tracts of the infested rabbits was incubated in 2 ml of K.R.P. medium with vavious concentration of hexachlorophene, $glucose-1-C^{14}$ and $glycine-1-C^{14}$ in a 25 ml incubation flask with central well. The oxygen consumption was observed by Warburg manometer, the glycogenolysis by measurement of radioactivities of extracted glycogen and protein from C. sinensis incubated with $C^{14}-glucose$ or$C^{14}-glycine$. 1) The oxygen consumption by C. sinensis was markedly inhibited during all stages of incubation in concentration of $10^{-4}$ and $10^{-5}g/ml$ of hexachlorophene, but in $10^{-6}$, slightly increased initially and gradually decreased after 3 hours of incubation. 2) Hexachlorophene inhibited the glycolysis by C. sincnsis markedly in the concentration of $10^{-4}$, $10^{-5}$, $10^{-6}$ and $10^{-7}g/ml$. 3) The protein synthesis by C. sinensis from glycine was inhibited in the concentration of $10^{-5}$, $10^{-6}$ and $10^{-7}g/ml$ of hexachlorophene. 4. The glycogen synthesis by C. sinensis in each concentration of $10^{-4}$, $10^{-5}$ and $10^{-6}g/ml$ of hexachlorophene was inhibited markedly. The speed of inhibition was more rapid in high concentration than in low, and in low concentration even the glycogen itself which had synthesized in their stage in their body was consumed in later stage. 5) The effects of oxygen consumption, glycolysis and glycogen synthesis were not influenced in the concentration of $10^{-5}g/ml$ of chloroquine phosphate, whereas hexachlorophene and dithiazanine inhibited markedly in same concentration, and the former was more potent than the latter.

• 한방비만학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.131-136
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• 2015

Objectives: The prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome is increasing worldwide. Regulation of cellular energy metabolis has the potential to be manipulated therapeutically to serve as a target for obesity and insulin resistance. Skeletal muscle is regarded as a target for regulation of energy metabolism and insulin resistance. In this study, the authors investigated the regulatory effect of (Cinnamomum cassia Blume, CCB), Aconitum carmichaeli Debx (ACD), and Benth (Pueraria lobata Benth, PLB) on energy and glucose metabolism in C2C12 myotubes. Methods: The water extracts of CCB, ACD, and PLB (0.5 mg/ml) were treated in differentiated C2C12 myotubes. The expressions of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and phosphorylation AMPK were detected with western blotting. Glucose metabolism was investigated with glucose uptake assay and glucose consumption assay, total adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content was also analyzed. Results: CCB, ACD, and PLB activated the phophorylation of AMPK, they also increased the glucose metabolism and total ATP contents in C2C12 myotubes. Conclusions: This study suggests that CCB, ACD, and PLB have the potential to increase energy and glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.818-824
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• 2015

Makgeolli is a health beneficial food for diabetes compared to other alcoholic beverages. We examined the effect of Makgeolli on blood glucose level and survival rate in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse model. We force fed 30 male STZ-induced diabetic ICR mice Makgeolli consisting of 6% alcohol (DM-MAK), 6% ethanol (DM-EtOH), or distilled water (DM-DW) for 4 weeks. In the DM-MAK group, food intake and water intake were higher than those of other groups after 4 weeks. Body weight, however, was not different among the experimental groups. We also found no significant difference in blood glucose level among the experimental groups. In normal ICR mice fed Makgeolli for 1 week, the area of the blood glucose curve was higher than those of other groups fed 6% ethanol, 2% glucose, or distilled water. Survival rates of STZ-induced diabetic mice fed Makgeolli, 6% ethanol, or DW for 4 weeks were 100%, 25%, and 62.5%, respectively. In conclusion, Makgeolli had no beneficial effect on blood glucose in a STZ-induced diabetic mouse model, although their survival rate was high. These results show that Makgeolli has an effect on type 1 diabetes through other mechanisms than blood glucose control.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.554-562
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• 2006

Two lines of mice, M16 selected for rapid growth and a randomly selected control ICR as well as their reciprocal crosses were used to study the effects of genotype on whole-body energetics and intestinal responses to monensin. Six mice, eight weeks of age, from each line or reciprocal cross were assigned to one of two treatments, 1) drinking water containing 20 mmol/L monensin dissolved in 0.5% V/V ethanol, and 2) drinking water containing 0.5% V/V ethanol (control) for two weeks. After 11 days (age of 9 weeks and 4 days), whole-body $O_2$ consumption was measured. At the end of two weeks, jejunal $O_2$ consumption, intestinal tissue composition and histomorphometrics as well as the rate and efficiency of glucose absorption were estimated. In comparison with the control, monensin administration in drinking water resulted in less daily water intake (13.4 vs. 15.5 ml/mouse, p<0.01), less protein to DNA ratio of jejunal mucosa (5.41 vs. 6.01 mg/mg, p<0.05), lower villus width (88 vs. $100{\mu}m$, p<0.05), and less jejunal tissue $O_2$ consumption enhancement by alcohol (7.2 vs. 10.5%, p<0.01) in mice. Other than those changes, monensin had little (p>0.05) effect on variables measured in either line of mice or their reciprocal cross. In contrast, the M16 line, selected for rapid growth, as compared to the ICR controls or the reciprocal crosses, had less initial (pre-monensin treatment) whole-body $O_2$ consumption per gram of body weight (1.68 vs. $2.11-2.34{\mu}mol/min{\cdot}g$ BW, p<0.01) as compared to the ICR and reciprocal crosses. In addition, the M16 mice exhibited greater growth (412 vs. 137-210 mg/d, p<0.05), better feed efficiency (41.7 vs. 19.9-29.3 mg gain/g feed, p<0.05), shorter small intestines adjusted for fasted body weight (1.00 vs. 1.22-1.44 cm/g FBW, p<0.05), wider villi (109 vs. $87-93{\mu}m$, p<0.05), more mature height of enterocytes (28.8 vs. $24.4-25.1{\mu}m$, p<0.05) and a lower rate (91 vs. $133-145{\eta}mol\;glucose/min{\cdot}g$ jejunum, p<0.05) and less energetic efficiency (95 vs. $59-72{\eta}mol$ ATP expended/${\eta}mol$ glucose uptake, p<0.05) of glucose absorption compared to the ICR line and the reciprocal cross. Monensin had little (p>0.05) effect on whole-body $O_2$ consumption and jejunal function, whilst selection for rapid growth resulted in an apparent down-regulation of intestinal function. These data suggest that genetic selection for increased growth does not result in concomitant changes in intestinal function. This asynchrony in the selection for production traits and intestinal function may hinder full phenotypic expression of genotypic growth potential.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.259-265
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• 1989

당근세포의 현탁배양에서 배지중 제한영양소인 인산염과 글루코우즈 농도에 대한 당근세포 배양특성에 관한 실험으로부터 다음의 결론을 얻었다. 1) 배지중의 글로코우즈와 인산염을 제한영양소로 하였을 때, 현탁배양 중의 글루코우즈의 농도 1.49g/l - 3.01g /l, 인산염의 농도 0.08mM - 1.06mM의 범위에서 세포성장 정체기에 도달하는 시간은 13.2hr-66.4hr였고 제한영양소의 전환율은 초기 글루코우즈와 인산염의 농도의 5~30% 범위내에 분포되었다. 2) 제한 영양소의 저농도범위에서의 농도변화에 따른 세포의 비성장속도, $\mu$는 $0.15day^{-1}$와 $0.3day^{-1}$사이의 값으로 일정한 경향을 보이지 않았는데, 이것은 제한요소가 저농도로 존재할 때 세포의 비성장속도에 미치는 영향이 적음을 알 수 있다. 3) 제한 영양소의 소모량과 세포증가량 사이에는 선형적 관계를 나타내며, 제한 영양소 글루코우즈에 대한 세포수율($Y_{x/sG}$)은 인산염 0.32mM, 글루코우즈 2.67g/l에서 $98.71{\times}10^{10}개\;/\;g로$ 최대값을 나타내었다. 4) 제한 영양소의 비($s_G/s_P$)에 대한 비성장속도, $\mu$ 및 세포수율($Y_{x/s_G}$는 두 농도의 비($s_G/s_P$)가 20mM/mM-120mM/mM 사이에서 임의적으로 분포하였다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.471-475
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• 1997

Livers isolated from 18 hours fasted rats were subjected to N$_{2}$ hypoxia (for 45 min) followed by reoxygenation (for 45 min). The perfusion medium used was Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer (KHBB, pH 7.4). Lactate and alanine were added as gluconeogenic and ureagenic substrates and Trolox C was also added to perfusate. Oxygen consumption, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine transaminase (ALT), total glutathione, oxidized glutathione, bile flow, glucose and urea were measured. After hypoxia oxygen consumption significantly dropped but Trolox C had no influence on this decrease. ALT and LDH were significantly increased by hypoxia/reoxygenation. This increase was markedly attenuated in the presence of Trolox C. The total glutathione and oxidized glutathione efflux increased following hypoxia, which were prevented by the treatment of Trolox C. Bile flow rate decreased following hypoxia/reoxygenation but did not continue to decrease in the reoxygenation phase by Trolox C. Following hypoxia/reoxygenation glucose and urea releases decreased. Trolox C had no influence on inhibition of glucose and urea production. These results suggest that Trolox C protected the liver cells against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury, yielding further evidence for a causative role of oxidative stress in this model.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.96-101
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• 1998

여러 가지 외부 탄소원(acetic acid, glucose, methanol, molasses)으로 활성 슬러지를 이용하여 탈질 효과를 살펴보았다. 질산성 질소와 아질산성 질소를 질소원으로 하는 혐기성 슬러지의 회분식 배양을 통해 탈질속도, COD 소비, 탈질율을 조사해 본 결과 molasses는 탈질속도나 COD 소비에서 glucose와 비슷하고 acetic acid나 methanol보다 높았으나, 탈질 효율에 있어서는 질산성 질소나 아질산성 질소배지에서 30-40%가 암모니아로 축적되어 탈질 효율이 떨어졌다. 이러한 현상은 molasses와 glucose를 탄소원으로 이용한 경우 발효에 의해 pH저하를 초래하고 이로 인해 탈질 효율이 감소되는 것으로 생각된다. 따라서 초기 pH를 조절하고 외부 탄소원은 molasses를 이용, 탈질 효과를 조사한 결과 pH 8일 때 암모니아의 축적은 거의 없었으며 탈질 속도에 있어서도 acetic acid의 경우보다 12시간정도 빠른 24시간 안에 99% 이상 탈질 효율이 증가함을 알 수 있었다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.161-172
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• 1982

In order to compare the metabolic activities of methanol utilizing bacteria, Pseudomonas sp. grown in different carbon sources, changes in respiratory activities, prinicipal enzyme activities for the energy metabolism, and the macromolecular compositions of the cells grown on methanol or glucose were measured. 1. The respiratory activity of cells grown on methanol was higher than that of cells grown on glucose, while glucose exhibited the highest $O_2-consumption$ rate among the different respiratory substrates. 2. TRhe activity of hydroxy pyruvate reductase which participates in serine pathway was high in the cells grown on methanol. However, activities of NAD-linked alcohol dehydrogenase, formaldehyde dehydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase were slightly lower in the cells grown on glucose thant on methanol. 4. For succinic dehydrogenase and malic dehydrogenase which take part in TCA cycle, the specific activities were higher in the cells grown on methanol than in those grown on glucose. No activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, which participates in pentose monophosphate shunt, was detectable in the cells grown on either carbon sources. 5. Protein contents of the cells grown on methanol increased relatively compared with those of the cells grown on glucose. However, there are no changes in the contents of carbohydrate and nucleic acid.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제27권4호통권91호
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• pp.304-311
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• 1999

영지버섯의 세포외 다당발효중 동력학적 특성을 기질(포도당, 전분), 기질농도$(1{\sim}7%)$ 및 계대배양(3회)의 함수로서 조사하였다. 영지버섯 균사체 증식은 logistic 모델이 Monod 모델 및 two- thirds power 모델과 비교하여 실험값에 잘 일치하였고, 기질 및 생성물은 Luedeking-Pirt 식에 의하여 잘 설명되었다. 또 다당 생성의 발효 기작은 증식연동형과 비증식 연동형이 함께 존재하는 혼합형이었으나 기질에 상관없이 비증식연동형 기작이 더 중요하였다. Glucose는 농도 증가에 따라 다당생성 및 기질소비의 기작이 증식연동형이 감소하고 비증식연동형이 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 그러나 starch를 사용하였을 경우는 glucose와는 달리, 기질소비의 증식연동형과 비증식연동형 기작이 모두 증가하여 높은 기질 이용성을 보였다. 아울러 starch배지에서는 glucose배지에서 보다 비증식속도의 증가와 계대배양시의 안정성을 보였다. 따라서 영지버섯의 배양시 starch배지는 비증식연동형에 의한 균체 생육 및 다당생성의 생합성 촉진에 의해 이들 생산성 및 계대배양시의 안정성을 증가시키는 것으로 생각되었다 최대의 균사체 생육 및 다당 생산은 각각 9.463 및 10.410 g/l로, 7% starch을 함유한 배지에서 $30^{\circ}C$로 7일간 진탕배양하였을 때 얻어졌다.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.429-444
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• 1994

The present study was undertaken in order to elucidate the effect of pretreatment with Saengchinyanghyoltang(SYT) on changes in serum glucose level, body weight. water consumption. serum insulin concentration and activities of pancreatic enzymes in rats treated with streptozocin(STZ)-induced diabetic state. Histological studies were also carried out to elevate the effects on pancreatic tissues and Langelhans islet cells. SYT pretreatment in STZ diabetic rats inhibited the rise of fasting serum glucose concentration and water consumption. Pretreatment with SYT significantly increased the concentration of blood insulin and body weight changes compared to the STZ-treated group. Pancreatic lipase and trypsin activities were increased. but amylase activity was decreased and pancreatic ${\beta}-cell$ was destroyed by STZ but. pretreatment with SYT prevented these STZ-induced changes.