• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.139-143
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• 2009

We examined the vertical distribution of specific microbial groups and the patterns of microbial community structure within the soil profile using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA). Samples were collected from the soil surface down to 15 cm in depth from paddy and upland fields located in Daegu, Korea. The two fields have been fertilized with only chemical fertilizers N, P, K for 33 years. Principal component analysis of the PLFA signatures indicated that the composition of the soil microbial communities changed significantly with the cultivation practices and soil depth, suggesting that cultivation practices of paddy and upland fields had more significant influence on soil microbial community than the soil depth did. The soil microbial communities changed more drastically with soil depth in upland field than in paddy field, with making thicker soil surface in paddy field in terms of soil microbial community. The ratios of cyclopropyl/monoenoic precursors and total saturated/total monounsaturated fatty acids increased with soil depth, suggesting that the deeper soil horizons are more carbon-limited and anaerobic than surface soil. The community analysis using PLFAs as biomarkers revealed that Gram-positive bacteria and actinomycetes tended to increase in proportional abundance with increasing soil depth, while the abundance of Gram-negative bacteria and fungi were highest at the soil surface and substantially lower in the subsurface.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.913-918
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• 2007

A Gram-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped, nonmotile, endospore-forming bacterium, designated Gsoil $349^T$, was isolated from soil of a ginseng field and characterized using a polyphasic approach. Comparative analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the strain Gsoil $349^T$ belongs to the family Paenibacillaceae, and the sequence showed closest similarity with Cohnella thermotolerans DSM $17683^T$ (94.1%) and Cohnella hongkongensis DSM $17642^T$ (93.6%). The strain showed less than 91.3% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Paenibacillus species. In addition, the presence of MK-7 as the major menaquinone and $anteiso-C_{15:0},\;iso-C_{16:0},\;and\;C_{16:0}$ as major fatty acids suggested its affiliation to the genus Cohnella. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 53.4 mol%. On the basis of its phenotypic characteristics and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain Gsoil $349^T$ should be treated as a novel species within the genus Cohnella for which the name Cohnella panacarvi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Gsoil $349^T\;(=KCTC\;13060^T=\;DSM\;18696^T)$.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.88-88
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• 2008

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.157-161
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• 2007

To study the cause of the injury by continuous cropping and the countermeasure for reduction on it's injury in ginseng cultivation by the period passed since post-harvest, and previous soil management far planting, the injury by continuous cropping was investigated from 2004 to 2005 at the continuous cropping field of National Institute of crop Science in Jungpyong county, Korea. There was negative correlation between the ratio of survived root and the Period Passed since post-harvest. The ratio infected by Cylindrocapon destructans and Fusarium spp. in root was about 81${\sim}$95% at continuous cropping field that passed by 3${\sim}$4 years since post-harvest. Though the previous soil management for planting was somewhat effective to increase the ratio of survival root, but which was not effective to protect the infection of Cylindrocapon destructans and Fusarium spp. in root. There was no significant difference in reducing rotted root between management and nonmanagement. When previous soil management for planting was programed, it should be considered that Cylindrocapon destructans was detected at continuous cropping field that passed by above 10 years after harvesting.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.161-166
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• 2003

Korean ginseng(Panax gmseng C.A. Meyer) is very difficult to obtain stable production of qualified ginseng roots because of variable stresses in soil environments. In environment stresses, soil condition is the most important factor, among which nutrients, especially inorganic materials such as N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, etc., influence greatly on the ginseng growth. However, present ginseng field soils in Korea contain so much amount of such inorganic materials that a variety of remarkable disorders were noted in many ginseng plantations, resulting in decrease of qualitative ginseng production. Therefore, it is required to search for genetic resources and genes tolerant to salt stress for the development of ginseng cultivars. Selection of stress-tolerant ginseng lines in fields is very difficult because it is almost impossible to control properly the environmental conditions of soil. On the contrary, it can be studied with ease to search for stress-tolerant ginseng lines through in vitro culture because of easy manipulation of stress conditions. Murashige & Skoog(MS) media with 2.5 folds of $KNO_3,\;NH_4NO_3,\;MgSO_4\;7H_2O,\;KH_2PO_4,\;and\;CaCl_2\;2H_2O$ was established for the selection of ginseng lines tolerant to salt stress under the embryo culture.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.72-77
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• 1995

The relationships between the soil chemical properties of ginseng fields and the contents of effective constituents in ginseng roots was investigated. The $NO_3-N$ contents in soils showed highly negative correlations with the contents of total sugar and reducing sugar in ginseng roots. The organic matter contents in soils showed positive correlations with the contents of sugar and ginoside in ginseng roots, while the contents of available phosphorus and exchangeable cations in soils showed highly negative correlations with the those in ginseng roots. For the Production of ginseng root of higher saponin contents, increase of the organic matter contents, and decrease of the contents of available phosphorus and exchangeable cations in soils were recommended.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2010

A Gram negative, aerobic, nonspore-forming, straight or curved rod-shaped bacterium, designated Gsoil $317^T$, was isolated from soil of a ginseng field in Pocheon Province (South Korea) and was characterized using a polyphasic approach. Cells were dimorphic, with stalk (or prostheca) and nonmotile or nonstalked and motile, by means of a single polar flagellum. Comparative analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain Gsoil $317^T$ was most closely related to Caulobacter mirabilis LMG $24261^T$ (97.2%), Caulobacter fusiformis ATCC $15257^T$ (97.1 %), Caulobacter segnis LMG $17158^T$ (97.0%), Caulobacter vibrioides DSM $9893^T$ (96.8%), and Caulobacter henricii ATCC $15253^T$ (96.7%). The sequence similarities to any other recognized species within Alphaproteobacteria were less than 96.0%. The detection of Q-10 as the major respiratory quinone and a fatty acid profile with summed feature 7 ($C_{18:1}\;{\omega}7c$ and/or $C_{18:1}\;{\omega}9t$ and/or $C_{18:1}\;{\omega}12t;$ 56.6%) and $C_{16:0}$ (15.9%) as the major fatty acids supported the affiliation of strain Gsoil $317^T$ to the genus Caulobacter. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 65.5 mol%. DNA-DNA hybridization experiments showed that the DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain Gsoil $317^T$ and its closest phylogenetic neighbors were below 11%. On the basis of its phenotypic properties and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain Gsoil $317^T$ should be classified as representing a novel species in the genus Caulobacter, for which the name Caulobacter ginsengisoli sp. novo is proposed. The type strain is Gsoil $317^T$ (=KCTC $12788^T=DSM\;18695^T$).

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.81-88
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• 2011

This study was carried out to provide basic information for standard cultivation guideline of Korean mountain cultivated ginseng (Panax ginseng). Environmental conditions, soil properties, growth process, cultivation methods and sowing timing were investigated in cultivations of Korean mountain cultivated ginseng in Korea (18 region in 9 province). Most of Korean mountain cultivated ginseng was cultivated to north, north-east, east or north-west direction in broad-leaved forest, IV age group, and 500~1,000 trees/ha. Elevation was below 500 m and slope was below $25^{\circ}$ in cultivation. There were significant differences in soil properties by region and cultivation based on organic matter (3.43~24.07%) and pH level (3.8~5.7). Sprouting, leaf unfolding, flowering, fruiting, red ripening, fruit drop and leaf drop of Korean mountain cultivated ginseng was investigated in cultivation. The results show that it took 98 days on average for the whole growth process. There were two methods, sowing and transplant for cultivation. Sowing methods were classified in sowing after opening-testa treatment and direct sowing. and it was 70% and 30%, respectively.

• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.09a
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• pp.366-367
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• 2011

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2020.12a
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• pp.61-61
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• 2020

This experiment was carried out using artificial bed soil and LED in the plastic film house(irradiation time: 07:00-17:00/day). Seedlings(n=63 per 3.3 m²) of ginseng was planted on May 17, 2018. LED was combined with red and blue light in a 3:1 ratio and irradiated with different light intensity(40-160 µmol/m²/s). Average air temperature from April to September according to the light intensity test was 20.4℃-20.9℃. Average artificial bed soil temperature was 20.1℃-21.7℃. The test area where fluorescent lamp was irradiated tended to be somewhat lower than the LED irradiation area. The chemical properties of the test soil was as follows. pH levels was 6.6-6.7, EC levels 0.9-1.3 dS/m and OM levels 30.6-32.0%. The available P₂O₅ contents was 73.3-302.3 mg/kg. Exchangeable cations K and Ca contents were higher than the allowable ranges and mg content was high in the fluorescent lamp treatment. The photometric characteristics of LED light intensity are as follows. The greater the light intensity, the higher the PPFD(Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density) value, illuminance and solar irradiation. Fluorescent lamp treatment had high illuminance value, but PPFD and solar irradiation were lower than LED intensity 40 µmol/m²/s treatment. The photosynthetic rate increased(2.0-3.8 µmolCO²/m²/s) as the amount of light intensity increased, peaking at 120 µmol/m²/s, and then decreasing. The SPAD (chlorophyll content) value decreased as the amount of light intensity increased, and was the highest at 36.1 in fluorescent lamp treatment. Ginseng germination started on April 5 and took 14-17 days to germinate. The overall germination rate was 68.8-73.6%. The growth of aerial parts(plant height etc.) were generally excellent in the treatment of light intensity of 120-160 µmol/m²/s. The plant height was 41.9 cm, stem length was 24.1 cm, leaf length was 9.8 cm and stem diameter was 5.6 mm. The growth of underground part (root length etc.) was the best in the treatment with 120 µmol/m²/s of light intensity. Due to the root length was long(24.8 cm) and diameter of taproot was thick(18.7 mm), the fresh root weight was the heaviest at 24.8 g. There were no disease incidence such as Alternaria blight, Gray mold and Anthracnose. Disease of Damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani occurred 0.6-1.5% and incidence ratio of rusty root ginseng was 30.8-62.3%. It is believed that the reason for the high incidence of rusty root ginseng is that the amount of field moisture capacity of artificial bed soil is larger than the soil. Leaf discoloration rate was 13.7-32.3%.