• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.184-193
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• 1986

Interrelation between environmental influences on soil microorganisms and it's effect on disease development in ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) field were studied to obtain a preventive measures against the root rot of ginseng caused by soil-borne pathogens in soil in three major Korean ginseng producing areas such as Kumsan, Goesan and Poonggi. Populations of actinomycetes were relatively high in fall season from September to November. Their numbers were highly populated in healthy plot in field than replanted disease field of ginseng, whereas ratio of Trichoderma spp to actinomycetes increased in healthy plot of field indicating the higher numbers of Trichoderma spp pressented in healthy plot field. The numbers of propagules of Trichoderma spp generally increased in early summer through early fall season. Their numbers were also highly populated in the healthy plot of fields. The contents of organic matter and phosphate in healthy plot of field were somewhat high, and phophate/organic matter ratio and Mg content were high in diseased replanted field. All of the soil samples showed a weak acidic pH from 4.5 to 4.7. Soilmoisture content was increased during winter season and it did not show any significant changes curing the growing period, showing 24.6% in healthy plot in field and 19.5% in deseased plot in field respectively. Soil temperature was highest in July and August and lowest in January and February.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.419-429
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• 2022

American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) is a perennial herbaceous plant widely cultivated in China, Korea, the United States, and Japan due to its multifunctional properties. In northwest China, transplanting after 2-3 years has become the main mode of artificial cultivation of American ginseng. However, the effects of the cultivation process on the chemical properties of the soil and bacterial community remain poorly understood. Hence, in the present study, high-throughput sequencing and soil chemical analyses were applied to investigate the differences between bacterial communities and nutrition driver factors in the soil during the cultivation of American ginseng. The responses of soil nutrition in different ecological niches were also determined with the results indicating that the cultivation of American ginseng significantly increased the soluble nutrients in the soil. Moreover, the bacterial diversity fluctuated with cultivation years, and 4-year-old ginseng roots had low bacterial diversity and evenness. In the first two years of cultivation, the bacterial community was more sensitive to soil nutrition compared to the last two years. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Acidobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes dominated the bacterial community regardless of the cultivation year and ecological niche. With the increase of cultivation years, the assembly of bacterial communities changed from stochastic to deterministic processes. The high abundance of Sphingobium, Novosphingobium, and Rhizorhabdus enriched in 4-years-old ginseng roots was mainly associated with variations in the available potassium (AK), total phosphorus (TP), total potassium (TK), and organic matter (OM).

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.115-118
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• 1997

Stratified American ginseng(Panax quinquefoilium L.) seeds were planted in a shaded greenhouse at four depths and in four different soil types to observe effects on emergence rate and root size. Seeding depth affected seedling emergence rates and the number of days required to complete emergence. The shape of the roots was affected by the texture of soil, especially percentage of sand.

• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.123-124
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• 2009

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.51-61
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• 2021

As a result of examining the germination rate between ginseng varieties, Jagyongjong varieties had the highest germination rate, and Yeonpung. had the lowest germination rate. In the ginseng seed germination rate experiment, the highest germination rate and growth condition were shown in artificial soil conditions of the ratio of Peatmoss 6.5: Pearlite 2: Masato 1.5. Good soil conditions require adequate soil moisture forces during the incubation period. The cultivation of ginseng medicinal crops requires optimal soil breathability, soil pH, and soil stabilization, which are important for root breathing. Microbial activity in the soil has a great influence on the growth of ginseng. The optimum pH of the soil for ginseng cultivation is 5.0-5.5 As a result of the experiment, the soil remained in an appropriate range after a month. In general, when the EC concentration value of the soil for ginseng cultivation is 0.2 mS/cm or more, growth deteriorates, and when the EC concentration value is 0.5 mS/cm or more, concentration obstacles such as root decay occur. As a result of the analysis, the higher the concentration value of EC, the more likely it is to interfere with ginseng growth.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.409-414
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• 2016

Background: The low survival rate of in vitro regenerated Panax ginseng plantlets after transfer to soil is the main obstacle for their successful micropropagation and molecular breeding. In most cases, young plantlets converted from somatic embryos are transferred to soil. Methods: In vitro thickened taproots, which were produced after prolonged culture of ginseng plantlets, were transferred to soil. Results: Taproot thickening of plantlets occurred near hypocotyl and primary roots. Elevated concentration of sucrose in the medium stimulated the root thickening of plantlets. Senescence of shoots occurred following the prolonged culture of plantlets. Once the leaves of plantlets senesced, the buds on taproots developed a dormant tendency. Gibberellic acid treatment was required for dormancy breaking of the buds. Analysis of endogenous abscisic acid revealed that the content of abscisic acid in taproots with senescent shoots was comparatively higher than that of taproots with green shoots. Thickened taproots were transferred to soil, followed by exposure to gibberellic acid or a cold temperature of $2^{\circ}C$ for 4 mo. Cold treatment of roots at $2^{\circ}C$ for 4 mo resulted in bud sprouting in 84% of roots. Spraying of 100 mg/L gibberellic acid also induced the bud sprouting in 81% roots. Conclusion: Soil transfer of dormant taproots of P. ginseng has advantages since they do not require an acclimatization procedure, humidity control of plants, and photoautotrophic growth, and a high soil survival rate was attained.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.324-328
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• 2008

One hundred-eighty extracts of soil collected from ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) fields were subjected to lettuce germination test, electrolyte leakage, cell viability and antioxidant enzyme activity test. Regardless of various cultivation periods, there was no significant difference in soil pH, the content of organic matter and available phosphate in ginseng fields. Based on lettuce seed germination test, six soil extracts showing inhibition of germination and/or seedling growth were selected for further study. Selected soil extracts markedly inhibited cell viability of ginseng cultured cells but leakage of electrolytes were not affected by the treatment. Enzyme activity of superoxide dimutase in ginseng cultured cells was not affected by the treatment with the soil extracts. However, those of peroxidase and catalase were significantly inhibited by the treatment with soil extracts which showed inhibition of lettuce seed germination and seedling growth.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.136-142
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• 2016

Background: Root diseases caused by Cylindrocarpon destructans and Fusarium solani decrease the yield and quality of ginseng. Cylindrocarpon root rot is a major disease caused by replant failure in ginseng fields. Methods and Results: Solarization of infested greenhouse soil was carried out during the summer season after applying green manure (Sudan grass) and Calcium Cyanamide (CC) on the soil. Mycelium and conidia of C. destructans died at $40^{\circ}C$ after 15 h, but they did not die at $35^{\circ}C$ after 15 h. They also died after keeping the soil at $40^{\circ}C$ for 2 h daily for 9 days, and at $45^{\circ}C$ for 8 days, but they did not die at $38^{\circ}C$ for 9 days. Maximum soil temperature was $55.4^{\circ}C$ at 5 cm depth, $48.7^{\circ}C$ at 10 cm, $44.7^{\circ}C$ at 15 cm, $42.5^{\circ}C$ at 20 cm, and $31.9^{\circ}C$ at 30 cm by incorporating green manure into the soil and using solarization. Solarization using green manure mixed with CC was the most effective in decreasing soil-borne pathogens of 2-year-old ginseng. However, the addition of CC decreased the root weight due to the increase in EC and $NO_3-N$. Conclusions: Soil disinfection using green manure and solarization in a greenhouse environment was effective in inhibiting root rot, however, it did not completely kill the soil-borne pathogens.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.84-91
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• 1989

This study was conducted to Investigate the effects of physico-chemical soil properties on the growth and yield of ginseng. 1 In the field survey, the yields of 6 year old ginseng were 2.46 Kg/3.3$m^2$, 2.13 Kg/3.3$m^2$, 1.44 Kg/3.3 $m^2$ in clay loam, loam and sandy loam soils, respectively 2. The missing plant rate for il year old ginseng were 33.6% and 51.6% in clay loam and sandy loam soils, respectively : the stem length and stem diameter of ginseng plants in sandy loam soil were smaller than those in clay loam soil. 3. Soil aggregation and porosity we're slightly higher in 6 year old ginseng fields than in 2 year ones. 4. Inorganic-N increased in 2 year and 3 year old ginseng fields reaching up to 100-120ppm, however it 1 decreased to 75 ppm, 34 ppm and 25 ppm in 4, 5 and 6 year old ginseng fields, respectively, It varied 1 more greatly in sandy loam soil than in clay loam. 5. The $P_2O_5$, K, Ca, and Mg contents differed little with plant age. Sandy loam had high N and $P_2O_5$ contents but low cation contents. 6. The yield of 6 year old ginseng fields were significantly correlated with clay contents and porosity. The missing Plant rate of 6 year old ginseng had a positive correlations with sand. and N contents.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.156-161
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• 1982

In ginseng fields, soil organic matter content showed significant positive correlation with soil moisture content and root yield. Soil moisture content showed significant positive correlation with root yield, stem diameter and stem length but significant negative correlation with relative missing plant rate, defoliation and alternalia bright infection. For more than 2 Kg yield per Kan under present cultivation technique, soil moisture appeared to be greater than 17% and organic matter 2%. Many fields (58%) were below this requirement and belong to sand loam and loam soils.