• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.173-177
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• 2003

The effect of IBA and NAA on adventitious root cultures of Panax ginseng C.A. Mater were investigated. Results indicated differences in growth and development of the roots according to 5mg/L IBA and 2mg/L NAA. IBA resulted in a normal root development and a higher growth compared to NAA. The roots formed on NAA-containing media were shorter and thicker than those in IBA, showing a hypertrophy of the root tip. NAA induced more than 1.6 times higher ethylene production compared to IBA, which caused inhibition of the root growth. Under the ventilation, in the other hand, on difference was observed in ethylene concentration and the root growth between IBA and NAA treatments. Under ventilation ethylene production was not detected until 10 days of culture, while detected from the initial stage under on ventilation. The results suggested the importance of ventilation during the culture for the growth and development of ginseng adventitious roots.

• Plant Resources
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2003

Ginseng(Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) is important medicinal plant but requires 4-year cultivation for root harvest because of slow growth. In contrast, ginseng hairy roots induced by introducing Ri-plasmid of Agrobacterium rhizogenes into genomic DNA of plant cells show vigorous growth, and the hairy roots produce the same or more saponins than natural ginseng roots. Therefore, hairy roots can be used for commercial purposes. The present study was carried out to induce hairy roots with both active growth and high saponin contents. Numerous hairy roots of Panax ginseng were obtained after root disks of three-year old roots were infected with Agrobacterium rhizogenes R1000 A4T in dark condition after one month of culture. About 3 hundred lines of hairy roots were selected according as morphological characters on medium with carbenicillin. After pre-selection of fifteen lines of hairy roots with active growth, KGHR-l and KGHR-8 lines were finally selected which had characters of high content of ginsenoside-Rd and ginsenoside-Re, respectively. The optimum growth of hairy roots was achieved in the culture of 1/2 MS liquid medium in dark (22 $^{\circ}C$) under 60 rpm gyratory shaking. Hairy roots grew well in 5L Erlenmeyer flasks, lL roller drums, 10L jar-fermenters, and especially in 20L air-lift culture vessels.

• 식물조직배양학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.309-315
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• 2000

Panax ginseng is an important medicinal plant that has been used worldwide for geriatric, tonic, stomachic, and aphrodisiac treatments. Ginsenosides contained in the ginseng root are the main substances having active functions for human body. The price of ginseng is very expensive due to a complex process of cultivation, and the yield of ginseng is limited, which cannot meet the demand of the increasing market. Researchers have applied plant biotechnology to solve the problems but there are still things to be determined towards ginsenoside production by large-scale adventitious root culture. In this experiment, 5 to 20 liter bioreactors were employed to determine optimal conditions for adventitious root culture and ginsenoside production of Panax gineng. Callus was induced from the ginseng root on MS agar medium containing 1.0 mg. $L^{-1}$ 2,4-D and 0.1 mg. $L^{-1}$ kinetin. Then the callus was cultured on MS agar medium supplemented with 2.0 mg. $L^{-1}$ IBA, 0.1 mg. $L^{-1}$ kinetin, and 30 g. $L^{-1}$ to induce adventitious roots. The maximum root growth and ginsenoside production were obtained in 1/2 MS medium. 2.0 mg. $L^{-1}$ naphthalene acetic acid resulted in greater root growth than 2.0 mg $L^{-1}$ indole-3-butyric acid. Ginsenoside content increased with 2.0 mg. $L^{-1}$ benzyl adenin or kinetin. High concentrations of benzyl adenin (above 3.0 mg. $L^{-1}$ ) decreased the adventitious root growth and ginsenoside productivity. N $H_{4}$$^{+}$ inhibited the ginsenoside accumulation, while high concentrations of $K^{+}$, $Mg_{2}$$^{+}$, and $Ca_{2}$$^{+}$ increased it. N $H_{4}$$^{+}$ at 0.5 and 1.0 times of the normal amount in 3/4 SH medium resulted in the greatest biomass increase, but the highest ginsenoside productivity was obtained when N $O_{3}$$^{-}$ was used as the sole nitrogen source in the medium. Most microelements at high concentrations in the medium inhibited the root growth, but high concentrations of MnS $O_4$enhanced the root growth. Root dry weight increased with increasing sucrose concentrations up to 50 g. $L^{-1}$ , but decreased from 70 g $L^{-1}$ Ginsenoside productivity was maximized at the range of 20 to 30 g. $L^{-1}$ sucrose. In the experiment on bioreactor types, cone and balloon types were determined to be favorable for both adventitious root growth and ginsenoside production. Jasmonic acid was effective for increasing ginsenoside contents and Rb group ginsenosides mainly increased. These results could be employed in commercial scale bioreactor cultures of Panax ginseng.x ginseng.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2003

The adventitious root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer is regarded as an efficient alternative to cell culture or hairy root culture for biomass production due to its fast growth and stable metabolite production. To determine optimal culture conditions for the bioreactor culture of ginseng roots, experiments have been conducted on physical and chemical factors such as bioreactor type, dissolved oxygen, gas supply, aeration, medium type, macro- and micro-elements, medium supplement during culture period, sucrose concentration, osmotic agents, medium pH and light. Elicitation is a key step to increase ginsenoside accumulation in the adventitious roots but biomass growth is severely inhibited by elicitor treatment. To obtain high ginsenoside content with avoiding biomass decrease, we applied two-stage bioreactor culture system. Ginseng adventitious roots were cultured for 40 days to maximize biomass increase followed by elicitation for 7 days to enhance ginsenoside accumulation. We also experimented on types and concentrations of jasmonate to determine optimal elicitation methods. In this paper, we discussed several factors affecting the root propagation and ginsenoside accumulation. Based on the results obtained from previous experiments we have established large-scale bioreactor system (1 ton-10 ton) for the efficient production of ginseng adventitious roots and bioactive compounds including ginsenoside. Still, experiments are on going in our laboratory to determine other bioactive compounds having effects on diet, high blood pressure, DPPH elimination and increasing memories.

• 식물조직배양학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.347-351
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• 2001

인삼 (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer)은 우리나라의 전통약재로 수 세기 동안 사용되어 왔으며, 약효 및 성분에 대한 연구가 매우 활발하게 이루어져 왔으나, 인삼의 분자생물학적, 단백질 화학적 측면에서 생리연구는 매우 미미하였다. 본 연구에서는 프로테옴믹스를 이용한 인삼 단백질 군을 연구하기 위한 첫 단계로 인삼 (천풍)및 모상근의 단백질 추출 방법을 확립하고, 이차원 전기영동을 통하여 추출방법의 유용성을 확인하였다. Homogenizer와 황산암모늄 침전을 통한 단백질 추출과 액체질소 및 TCA를 이용한 단백질 추출 방법을 수행하여 비교해 본 결과 추출 단백질 양에는 큰 차이가 없으나 이차원 전기영동 수행 시 액체질소 및 TCA를 통한 방법이 프로테옴 연구에 적합하여 훨씬 해상도가 높은 gel 이미지를 얻었을 뿐 아니라, gel당 660개 이상의 단백질 sopt을 확인하였다. 또한 인삼과 모상근의 이차원 전기영동을 비교한 결과 상당히 다른 발현 패턴을 보여, 생장조건 등 외부 환경과 생리상태의 차이에 따라, 같은 유전자를 가지고 있는 조직체라 할지라도, 매우 다른 프로테옴 (proteome)을 보일 수 있음을 보여주었다.

• 한국식물병리학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.268-277
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• 1998

The production of Korean ginseng, one of the most important medicinal root crops, is limited by many factors including soil sickness, root rots in fields as well as during storage prior to consumption. Although much research has been conducted on the diseases in field condition, little information is available on the control of postharvest roots rots. To obtain better management strategy of postharvest root rots in ginseng, biological control using antagonistic bacteria was attempted. Of 208 bacteria obtained form suppressive soil samples, 4 were selected based on the inhibitory effect on mycelial growth of two major causal fungi for postharvest root rots in ginseng, Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium solani. The culture filtrates of these bacterial antagonists greatly inhibited the conidial germination of both pathogenic fungi and produced abnormal morphology such as swollen germ tubes in F. solani and vacuolation of nongerminated conidia in B. cinerea. The population levels of bacterial antagonists on the ginseng roots were gradually increased up to 8 days of incubation. Postharvest root rots of ginseng caused by f. solani and B. cinerea were controlled in dipping tests in the ranges of 60∼80% by antagonistic Bacillus spp. obtained from suppressive soil. These results suggest that biological control using these antagonistic bacteria would be an alternative strategy to control postharvest root rots in ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.67-70
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• 2004

인삼 근부병의 생물학적 방제를 위해 인삼 재배토양으로부터 분리된 길항미생물 Bacillu subtilis B-4228을 사용하여 방제효과를 검정하였다. 공시 균주 B-4228과 C. destructans의 대치배양결과, C destructans의 균사가 비정상적인 형태로 팽창하였으며 강한 생장억제력을 보였다. C. destructans에 의해 오염된 이병토를 이용한 pot시험결과, 건전근율이 무처리구에서 20%였으나 공시 균주 B-4228의 처리구는 82%로 높게 나타났고, 이병율(개체 인삼에 대한 뿌리썩음 이병정도의 총합비율)은 무처리의 경우 50.4%였으나 공시 균주 B-4228의 처리구는 6.0%로 낮았다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.14-22
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• 2007

As the zygotic embryo of North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) matured during stratification over 203 days it grew from 0.75 to 5.2 mm. Embryo excision and culturing on media containing different concentrations of two growth regulators, gibberellic acid ($GA_3$, 1 to 10 ${\mu}M$) and benzyladenine (BA, 1 to 5 ${\mu}M$), during stratification, showed that shoot and root number and the shoot, root and cotyledon length increased with increased stratification time. Gibberellic acid was the more effective growth regulator for increasing shoot and root number and shoot, root and cotyledon lengths. Immature embryos (stratified for up to 63 days) needed growth regulators for further development. Cultures on $GA_3$ at the last culture date (stratified for 203 days) when embryos were mature, produced multiple shoots but there was no effect of $GA_3$ concentration. Benzyladenine inhibited shoot and root growth regardless of embryo stratification. Growth regulators had little effect on cotyledon length of mature embryos. Embryos cultured on $GA_3$ combined with BA were green on all culture dates whereas greening in the control and BA treatments increased with culture date. The BA treatments induced 100% swelling of the embryos on the final culture date while in the control and $GA_3$ treatments there was no swelling. There was little or no curling in the control and BA treatments and a linear decrease in curling with culture date in the $GA_3$ and $GA_3$ + BA treatments.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.199-204
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• 2002

한국의 인삼재배시 연작장해로 인한 생산량 감소가 문제가 되고 있다 이를 극복하기 위하여 본 연구에서는 한국인삼 재배를 위하여 양액재배 시스템을 적용하였다. 최적의 양액재배용 배지를 선발하기 위하여 모래, TSK-2 (S＋T), 피트모스 (P), 재활용 암면 (RR)과 입상 암면 (GR)등의 다양한 배지를 단독 및 혼합처리구로 사용하였다. RR배지의 경우 전반적인 물리화학적 특성은 기존에 보고된 인삼배지의 토양특성과 유사하였다. S＋T배지는 가밀도가 인삼용 토양보다 높았다 인삼의 지상부 생체중은 RR배지와 S＋T배지에서 높았다. 인삼 뿌리의 생체중 및 건물중은 RR배지에서 가장 높았다. 인삼의 뿌리의 품질적 측면에서 vitamin C함량은 양액재배로 생육시킨 인삼이 토양에서 생육한 인삼보다 높았으나, crude saponin과 ginsenosides 함량에서는 차이를 나타내지 않았다.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.263-268
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• 1990

인삼의 조직에 Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain 15834와 A4을 감염하여 형질전화체를 얻었다. 이는 인삼에서처럼 무균식물을 얻기어려운 경우 leaf disk 방법으로 모상근을 유도할 수 있었다. 모상근의 ginsenoside(Rg2,Rg1,Rf,Rd,Rc,Rbl, and Rb2)는 HPLC에 의해 定量하였으며, 진탕배양한 모상근의 ginsenoside의 함량은 0.34-1.19% 건량이었다. 이러한 결과는 재배 인삼과 배양 인삼의 ginsenoside의 함량에 비해 좋은 성과라고 사료된다.