• Food Science and Biotechnology
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.287-294
• /
• 2008

Protective effects of cheonggukjang fermented with 20% red ginseng (RC) were observed in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats by measuring levels of blood glucose, serum lipid profiles, and hepatic reactive oxygen species generating and scavenging enzymc activities. RC diet was prepared by mixing with AIN-76 diet at the final concentration 2%, and it was fed to STZ-induced diabetic rats for 3 weeks. The RC dict was significantly improved body weight, feed efficiency ratio, levels of serum glucose, and serum and hepatic lipids in diabetes. The significantly elevated O type activity of xanthine oxidase in diabetes was also greatly decreased by the RC diet. The treatment of RC showed the improved hepatic glutathione s-transferase activities in the diabetic animals. The present study indicates that cheonggukjang fermented with red ginseng could ameliorate STZ-induccd diabetic symptoms such as aggravated blood glucose levels, serum lipid profiles, and even the conditions of oxidative stress.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.273-281
• /
• 2008

To determine the nutritional quality and physical properties of ginseng-chicken meat porridge, 10 kinds of ginsengchicken meat porridge samples containing waxy and/or non-waxy rice were analyzed for in vitro protein digestibility and their degree of starch hydrolysis. Viscosity and spreadness were determined for the gelatinized pastes of the porridge samples. Microphotographs of the starch granules and pastes were studied to confirm structural changes in the rice starch during cooking. The starch paste from non-waxy rice porridge had higher viscosity than the starch paste from the waxy rice porridge; however, in the case of the ginseng-chicken meat porridge, the difference in viscosity was negligible. Microphotograph comparisions between the waxy rice porridge and non-waxy rice porridge indicated apparent differences in the shapes of their starch granules and gels. The granule surface of the non-waxy rice was very rough while that of the waxy rice was very smooth; this difference would lead to organoleptical discrepancy. The added ginseng increased the protein digestibility of the chicken meat; however, the protein digestibility of the ginseng-chicken meat porridge was lower than that of the chicken meat or rice porridge due to inhibited protein digestion by the gelatinized starch. Finally, the rice porridge had increased starch hydrolysis with additions of chicken meat and vegetables.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.168-203
• /
• 1982

Effects of soil moisture on growth of Panax ginseng, of various factors on soil moisture, and of moisture on nutrition, quality, physiological disorder, diseases and insect damage were reviewed. Optimum soil moisture was 32% of field capacity with sand during seed dehiscence, and 55-65% for plant growth in the fields. Optimum soil moisture content for growth was higher for aerial part than for root and higher for width than for length. Soil factors for high yield in ginseng fields appeared to be organic matter, silt, clay, agreggation, and porosity that contributed more to water holding capacity than rain fall did, and to drainage. Most practices for field preparation aimed to control soil moisture rather than nutrients and pathogens. Light intensity was a primary factor affecting soil moisture content through evaporation. Straw mulching was best for the increase of soil moisture especially in rear side of bed. Translocation to aerial part was inhibited by water stress in order of Mg, p, Ca, N an Mn while accelerated in order of Fe, Zn and K. Most physiological disorders(leaf yellowing, early leaf fall, papery leaf spot, root reddening, root scab, root cracking, root dormancy) and quality factors were mainly related to water stress. Most critical diseases were due to stress, excess and variation of soil water, and heavy rain fall. The role of water should be studied in multidiciplinary, especially in physiology and pathology.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.31 no.3
• /
• pp.137-141
• /
• 2007

To evaluate the antiatopic effect of Korea Red Ginseng (RG, steamed root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, Family Araliaceae), its inhibitory effect on passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction and itching in mice was measured. RG and its ingredient saponin fraction (SF) potently inhibited passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction and scratching behaviors. RG at a dose of 100 mg/kg and SF at a dose of 50 mg/kg significantly inhibited the scratching frequency by 32% and 38%, respectively. RG and SF also inhibited the degranulation and protein expression of tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$ and interleukin (IL)-4 of RBL-2H3 cells induced by IgE-antign complex. However, polysaccharide fraction of RG did not inhibit it. Based on these findings, RG can improve allergic skin disorders atopic dermatitis and contact dermatitis by the regulation of $TNF-{\alpha}$, and IL-4 produced by mast cells and basophils and their membrane stabilization.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.55-61
• /
• 1985

Our country has been produced much amounts of panax ginseng roots which has a stimulating effects on the metabolism of protein, lipid and nucleic acids in the body. And the leaf trunk of panax ginseng were also produced a considerable amounts as the by - products. Therefore, this study was devised to observe the nutritional effect to rats feeding of rice diet supplemented with by - products of panax ginseng, male Albino rats of pure strain weighing 73.8 ${\pm}$ 0.7 g were used as experimental animal to investigate the changes of cholesterol in heart and testis. The animals were divided into sixteen diet group, they were the protein contents of 9%, 12%, 15% and 18% supplemented with 2% panax ginseng roots and its by - products respectively. The group without the supplements were used as the control. The diet group were again divided into 2 groups according to the feeding terms, 4 weeks and 8 weeks. It is concluded that the free from cholesterol and total cholesterol contents in the heart and testis with the supplements of panax ginseng roots and its by - products showed significant difference compared to the control group.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.47 no.2
• /
• pp.201-210
• /
• 2019

Biotransformation of ginsenosides by microorganisms alters the absorption and bioavailability of ginseng as a medicinal herb. In this study, we isolated two kinds of fermenting microorganisms from Eoyukjang, which is a traditional Korean fermented food made from soybean. Next, we identified and detected their ability to convert major ginsenosides to compound K. The two microorganisms, referred to as R2-6 and R2-15, had 100% similarity with Lactobacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum ATCC $14917^T$ and Lactobacillus rhamnosus JCM $1136^T$, respectively. The optimal pH and growth temperature of the isolates were determined to be pH 6-7 and $30^{\circ}C$. After fermentation for 30 days, the major ginsenosides in the mountain-cultivated ginseng were transformed to the highly bioactive ginsenoside, compound K, in the final product.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.43 no.4
• /
• pp.606-617
• /
• 2019

Background: The Panax ginseng berry extract (GBE) is well known to have an antidiabetic effect. The aim of this study is to evaluate and investigate the protective effect of ultrasonication-processed P. ginseng berry extract (UGBE) compared with GBE on liver fibrosis induced by mild bile duct ligation (MBDL) model in rats. After ultrasonication process, the composition ratio of ginsenoside in GBE was changed. The component ratio of ginsenosides Rh1, Rh4, Rg2, Rg3, Rk1, Rk3, and F4 in the extract was elevated. Methods: In this study, the protective effect of the newly developed UGBE was evaluated on hepatotoxicity and neuronal damage in MBDL model. Silymarin (150 mg/kg) was used for positive control. UGBE (100 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg), GBE (250 mg/kg), and silymarin (150 mg/kg) were orally administered for 6 weeks after MBDL surgery. Results: The MBDL surgery induced severe hepatotoxicity that leads to liver inflammation in rats. Also, the serum ammonia level was increased by MBDL surgery. However, the liver dysfunction of MBDL surgery-operated rats was attenuated by UGBE treatment via myeloid differentiation factor 88-dependent Toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathways. Conclusion: UGBE has a protective effect on liver fibrosis induced by MBDL in rats through inhibition of the TLR4 signaling pathway in liver.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.81-86
• /
• 1982

Ginseng saponins separated from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography using a carbohydrate analysis column. The effect on the resolution and retention time of each ginsenosides, as well as the addition effect of n-butanol on a acetonitrile/water system, was examined using various proportions of acetonitrile/water system (80/20-94/6) which have been used with typical solvent of carbohydrate analysis column. The retention time of each ginsenosides was greatly affected by the compositions and mixture proportions of the mobile phase and also markedly increased as the proprotion of acetonitrile in mobile phase increased. It was proved that acetonitrile/water system (80/20) and acetonitrile/water/n-butanol system (86/14/10) were very effective mobile phases for diol and triol sapoin analyses, respectively. According to the result obtained by this method, the PT/PD ratios of white and red ginseng saponins were 0.401 % and 0.561 %, respectively. Red ginseng increased PT/PD ratio, compared with white ginseng. This is attributed to the change of saponin pattern by processing method and the change of PT/PD ratio would greatly influence on the biochemical and pharmacological effects of ginseng and its products.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.38 no.7
• /
• pp.951-957
• /
• 2009

In this study, antibacterial activity of extruded ginseng extract by 60 and 80% Et-OH were investigated by agar diffusion assay against two bacteria causing dental caries (Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus casei). Extrusion conditions were 20% moisture content $100^{\circ}C$ and $140^{\circ}C$ barrel temperature. The inhibition effect of 60% Et-OH ginseng extract was higher than 80% Et-OH ginseng extract. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 80% Et-OH extruded ginseng extract at 140 and $100^{\circ}C$ barrel temperature against L.casei were 100 and 150 mg/mL respectively using broth assay method. The amount of glucosyltransferase (GTase) inhibitory content was the highest in extruded ginseng at $140^{\circ}C$ barrel temperature with 60% Et-OH. Moreover, n-hexane and n-butanol fraction ginseng extract had potential against tested bacteria. Our results demonstrated that antibacterial activities of extruded ginseng extract at $140^{\circ}C$ barrel temperature were more effective than Ex-$100^{\circ}C$, RG and WG.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.39 no.1
• /
• pp.36-41
• /
• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of fermented ginseng extract by mushroom mycelia on antiproliferation of cancer cells. Phellinus linteus, Ganoderma lucidum, and Hericium erinaceum mycelia were inoculated to ginseng. The effects of fermented ginseng extract on antiproliferation of stomach (MKN-45), colon (HCT116), mammary (MCF-7), lung (NCIH460), prostate (PC-3), and liver (HepG2) cancer cells were investigated by MTT assay. Fermented ginseng extract showed significant antiproliferation effects compared with fresh ginseng extract. Fermented ginseng extract by P. linteus, G. lucidum, and H. erinaceum mycelia showed growth-inhibitory effect of 44.50, 17.75 and 43.98% viability at 1.5 mg/mL on the MKN-45 cell line, 62.86, 3.73, and 54.55% at 1.5 mg/mL on the HCT116 cell line, 41.81, 7.01, and 37.84% at 1.5 mg/mL on the MCF-7 cell line, 53.52, 5.31, and 35.27% at 1.5 mg/mL on the NCIH460 cell line, 35.05, 3.07, and 44.29% at 1.5 mg/mL on the PC-3 cell line, and 59.57, 6.34, and 4.97% at 1.5 mg/mL on the HepG2 cell line, respectively. These results indicated that fermented ginseng by G. lucidum mycelium showed the highest antiproliferation effect against various cancer cells.