• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.736-740
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• 2004

50% 에탄올 추출박으로부터 기존의 백삼농축액보다 산성다당체가 다량 함유된 백삼 농축액 제조 방법에 대해서 연구하였다. 50% 에탄올을 사용하여 제조한 백삼농축액의 추출 수율과 산성다당체 함량은 에탄올의 농도가 증가할수록 감소하였다. 반면에 백삼을 0∼90% 에탄올로 추출하고 남은 백삼박 내의 산성다당체 함량은 에탄올 농도가 증가할수록 증가하였다. 백삼박으로부터 산성다당체를 얻을 수 있는 최적의 조건은 $\alpha$-amylase를 390∼650 unit/g residue/15 mL 증류수의 농도로 4$0^{\circ}C$에서 5분 동안 처리하는 것으로 확인되었다. 50% 에탄을 추출 후 남은 백삼박에 $\alpha$-amylase를 처리함으로써 백삼박의 물추출액 중의 산성다당체 함량은 무처리구의 8.3%에서 10.5%로 증가하였다. 기존의 50% 에탄올 백삼추출농축액과 본 실험을 통하여 얻어진 백삼박 추출액을 8:2(w/w)로 혼합한 새로운 흔합백삼농축액을 제조한 결과 기존의 인삼농축액에 비해 조사포닌 함량은 비슷하며 약2배 정도의 산성다당체를 함유하고 색도가 짙은 농축액을 제조할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.170-178
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• 1985

Korean red ginseng tails was extracted with solutions having various ethanol concentration at the temperature range of 70-100 $^{\circ}C$. Extraction was carried out for 1-5 times of 8 hours at given temperature. The results obtained on physicochemical properties of yields, saponins, sugars, minerals, color and viscosity were analyzed statistically to find the correlation with extracting conditions. A very high positive correlation was found between extraction time and cumulative values of yields of chemical components. Increase in ethanol concentration affected negatively on viscosity, absorbencies and yields of soluble solids and minerals. Some of the properties also showed a high correlation with temperature increase. Equations were also derived from the significant results on correlation analysis.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.851-856
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• 1989

추출방법을 달리하여 얻은 육두구 정유에 대한 물리적 성질을 측정하고, GC와 GC/MS를 이용하여 분석하였다. 추출수율은 용매추출이 23%로 가장 많았고 SDE 추출, $CO_2$ 추출순이었다. 육두구유에 대한 물리적 성질과 GC분석결과에서 본 실험에 사용한 육두구는 East Indies type에 가까운 것을 확인할 수 있었고 각각 추출물의 분석결과로부터 sabinene은 3.6-14.1%, miristicin은 28.4-48.7% elemicin은 1.2-2.1%이 함유되어 있음을 알 수 있었다. 또 발암물질로 알려진 safrole은 SDE 추출에서 3.8%, 용매추출에서 3.6%, $CO_2$추출에서 5.6% 함유하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. SDE 추출이나 용매추출에서 확인된 camphene은 $CO_2$추출에서 확인할 수 없었고 monoterpene, terpene alcohol 계통의 화합물은 SDE 추출이나 용매 추출에 많았다. 방향족 화합물은 $CO_2$추출에서 많이 추출됨을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 생약학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.169-171
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• 1978

Methanolic extracts of fresh ginseng, white ginseng and red ginseng were found to have a biological antioxidant activity against ethanol induced lipid peroxidation in the mouse liver. This antioxidant activities were repressed by the addition of ferric ion to the Korean ginseng in the process of its extraction.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.397-406
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• 2009

The low quality fresh ginseng was extracted by water at $80^{\circ}C$ and 240 bar for 20 min (HPE, High pressure extraction process). The cytotoxicity on human normal kidney cell (HEK293) and human normal lung cell (HEL299) of the extracts from HPE showed 28.43% and 21.78% lower than that from conventional water extraction at $100^{\circ}C$ in adding the maximum concentration of $1.0\;mg/m{\ell}$. The human breast carcinoma cell and lung adenocarcinoma cell growth were inhibited up to about 86%, in adding $1.0\;mg/m{\ell}$ of extracts from HPE. This values were 9-12% higher than those from conventional water extraction. On in vivo experiment using ICR mice, the variation of body weight of mice group treated fresh ginseng extracts from HPE of 100 mg/kg/day concentration was very lower than control and other group. The extracts from HPE was showed longer survival times as 35.65% than that of the control group, and showed the highest tumor inhibition activities compared with other group, which were 70.64% on Sarcoma-180 solid tumor cells. On the high performance liquid chromatogram (HPLC), amount of ginsenoside-$Rg_2$, $Rg_3$, $Rh_1$ and $Rh_2$ on fresh ginseng were increased up to 43-183% by HPE, compared with conventional water extracts. These data indicate that HPE definitely plays an important role in effectively extracting ginsenoside, which could result in improving anticancer activities. It can be concluded that low quality fresh ginseng associated with this process has more biologically compound and better anticancer activities than that from normal extraction process.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.471-478
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• 2011

Ginseng, the root of Panax ginseng, is one of the oldest herbal medicines. It has a variety of physiological and pharmacological effects. Recently, we isolated a subset of glycolipoproteins that we designated gintonin, and demonstrated that it induced transient change in intracellular calcium concentration $([Ca^{2+}]_i)$ in cells via G-protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway(s). The previous method for gintonin isolation included multiple steps using methanol, butanol, and other organic solvents. In the present study, we developed a much simple method for the preparation of gintonin from ginseng root using 80% ethanol extraction. The extracted fraction was designated edible gintonin. This method produced a high yield of gintonin (0.20%). The chemical characteristics of gintonin such as molecular weight and the composition of the extract product were almost identical as the gintonin prepared using the previous extraction regimen involving various organic solvents. We also examined the physiological effects of edible gintonin on endogenous $Ca^{2+}$-activated $Cl^-$ channel activity of Xenopus oocytes. The 50% effective dose was $1.03{\pm}0.3\;{\mu}g$/mL. Finally, since gintonin preparation through ethanol extraction is easily reproducible, gintonin could be commercially applied for ginseng-derived functional health food and/or drug following the confirmations of in vitro and in vivo physiological and pharmacological effects of gintonin.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.134-143
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• 1979

It order to extract the soluble organic substances of Korean ginseng effectively, the ginseng extract have been made by using amylase. The investigation on the optimum condition of enzyme reaction was carried out, and the amounts of gained extract and its saponin pattern were compared among the ethanol extract, water extract and enzyme extract. The results obtained are summerized as follows. 1. The gaining ratio or ginseng extract was the highest value when the raw ginseng and dried ginseng were extracted in the concentration of 7.5% and 5% with 0.3%∼0.6% enzyme for 25 hour. 2. The amounts of ethanol extract, water extract and enzyme extract were 9.14%, 17.23% and 23.73% in case of raw ginseng and 64.09%, 72.52% and 74.36% in case of dried ginseng, respectively. The amount of enzyme extract was increased as much as 6∼14% in case of raw ginseng, and 2∼10% in case of dried ginseng compared with that of ethanol and water extract. 3. The absolute content of saponin was nearly constant in spite of the different extraction method and all of the ginseng saponin pattern of thin-layer chromatograms were almost same.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.142-169
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• 2020

BACKGROUND: A new analytical method has been developed to determine 261 pesticide residues in herbal medicines. METHODS AND RESULTS: The extraction of pesticides was carried out by modified method of the Korea Food Standards Codex sample extraction and determination was performed using GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS. During the pre-treatment process of the test method, Solid-liquid separation was changed to centrifugation. The method was validated by the precision and accuracy results. 261 pesticides spiked at three level 20, 50, 100 ug/kg in herbal medicines. The limit of quantification of method were 4-40 ug/kg for GC-MS/MS and 2-45 ug/kg for LC-MS/MS, respectively. Among the pesticides analysed by GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS, 244 pesticides (94% of total number) in chinese matrimony vine and 224 pesticides (86% of total number) in korean angelica root and 231 pesticides (89% of total number) in jujube and 214 (82% of total number) in cnidium showed recoveries in the range of 70-120% with RSD⪯20%. CONCLUSION: These results indicated that GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS analysis with the sample extraction in this study can be applied to multi-residue analysis of pesticides in herbal medicines.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.249-254
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• 1993

물과 70% 에탄올을 용매로 하여 추출온도, 시간, 용매첨가량, 추출횟수 등의 추출조건이 계피추출액의 무기성분과 물리적 성질에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 무기성분은 추출온도가 증가할수록 용출량이 많았고 추출시간 8시간 이상에서는 큰 변화가 없었으나 용매 첨가량 60배(v/w) 추출구에서 무기성분 함량이 증가하였으며 특히 물추출액에서는 Cu, Zn, Fe, Na 함량이, 70% 에탄올 추출액에서는 Fe, Mn, K의 용출량이 증가하였다. 285nm에서의 흡광도는 $60{\sim}80^{\circ}C$ 이상 추출에서는 감소하였다. Hunter Color value는 추출조건에 따라 a값의 변화가 가장 컸고 L값은 탁도와 유사한 경향으로 변화하여 추출온도, 시간, 용매량이 증가할수록 낮아졌다. pH는 횟수별 추출을 제외하고는 처리구간에 큰 변화가 없었다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.375-385
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• 2016

Background: The study was conducted to elucidate the extraction conditions under which white ginseng has cognition-improving efficacy. Methods and Results: Extracts from white ginseng under different solvent and temperature conditions were analyzed for ginsenoside content and inhibitory effect on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor and acetylcholinesterase. The total ginsenoside contents and amounts of ginsenoside Rb1 plus ginsenoside Rg1 from the 1st extracts (prepared with EtOH/$H_2O$ as solvent) were higher than those from the 2nd extracts (extracted with $H_2O$ after the 1st EtOH/$H_2O$ extraction). The contents in the 1st and 2nd extracts produced at $80^{\circ}C$ were also higher than those obtained at $50^{\circ}C$. Samples from the 1st extraction at $80^{\circ}C$ indicated higher inhibitory activities on NMDA receptors-whose excessive activation is thought to mediate the calcium-dependent neurotoxicity associated with several neurodegenerative diseases-than those from the 2nd extraction. Among the samples prepared at varying temperatures, the extract prepared at $50^{\circ}C$ showed the highest suppression activity on NMDA receptors. Note, however, that the extracts from the 2nd extraction at $50^{\circ}C$ inhibited acetylcholinesterase-whose inhibition could be a therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases with cognitive deficits and memory malfunction-more effectively than those from the 1st extraction. Conclusions: To enhance the cognition-improving activity of white ginseng extract, it is suggested that the extracts be utilized after being combined the 1st extracts (made with EtOH/$H_2O$ solvent) and the 2nd extracts (prepared with $H_2O$) at low temperature.