• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.312-319
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• 2017

The need to preserve and use plant genetic resources is widely recognized, and the prospect of dwindling plant genetic diversity, coupled with increased demands on these resources, has made them a topic of global discussion. In the present study, the genetic diversity and population structure of 73 ginseng accessions collected from six regions in China were analyzed using eight simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Major allele frequencies ranged between 0.38 ~ 0.78, with a mean allele frequency value of 0.571. The number of alleles discovered ranged from 3 to 10 per accession, with a mean number of 7; 56 alleles were discovered in total. Gene diversity (GD) and polymorphic information content (PIC) values were similar to each other, and they ranged from 0.36 ~ 0.77 (mean 0.588) and 0.33 ~ 0.74 (mean 0.548), respectively. Accessions were divided into three clusters based on their phylogenetic relationships and genetic similarities, and although the populations were similar, they were not classified according to the region. Regional genetic diversity was also similar, with slight differences observed based on the number of accessions per region. It is expected that the findings of the present study can provide basic data for future studies on ginseng genetic diversity and for breeding ginseng cultivars.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.381-388
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• 2017

Background: This study was conducted to acquire basic information on the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of the germplasm of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer collected from China and Korea, and identify the variations that can be utilized in ginseng breeding programs. Methods and Results: Quantitative parameters were evaluated, and used to compare and analyze on genetic polymorphisms in the germplasm. The genetic characteristics and classifications were compared and analyzed for each character. Stem length followed a normal frequency distribution ranging from 15.5 cm to 40.5 cm, with showing approximately 40% having a stem length of 20 - 30 mm. Stem diameters ranged from 2.7 mm to 11.3 mm. Stem number per plant ranged from 1 to 3; approximately 50% had a single stem, and 45% had two stems. A non-normal frequency distribution was observed for petiole number, with approximately 60% of the germplasm having 3 - 5 petioles. Petiole length exhibited a normal frequency distribution, raging from 4.5 to 10.6. Petiole angle in the germplasm ranged from $28^{\circ}$ to $89^{\circ}$ and seedstalk length ranged from 5.6 cm to 27.3 cm. Conclusions: The genetic polymorphisms identified by complete linkage clustering based on the quantitative characteristics of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer collected from Korea and China were classified to 6 groups, namely I, II, III, IV, V, and VI with frequencies of 6.7%, 20.0%, 31.7%, 8.3%, 6.7%, and 26.7%, respectively.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.377-384
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• 2003

본 연구는 고려인삼 재래종의 유전적 차이를 RAPD marker로 평가하였다. 재래종은 우리나라 주요 인삼재배 단지인 괴산, 금산, 남원, 포천, 양주, 연천, 영주로부터 수집한 인삼에서 10개체를 임의 선발하여 사용하였다. 9개 지역의 90개체를 대상으로 RAPD분석을 한 결과 48개의 primer 중 OPA 7, OPA 13, URP 2, URP 3, UBC 3의 5개 primer가 재현성이 있고 재래종 내 개체간에도 다형성인 band를 보였다. 재래종 집단간보다 재래종 내에서 유전적 다양성이 낮았다. 재래종 집단 간 또는 재래종 집단내의 유전적 차이가 있다는 것은 이 집단들이 헤테로라는 것을 의미한다. 이러한 결과는 우리나라에서 재배중인 고려 인삼은 유전 자원의 혼합으로 헤테로라는 것을 암시한다. 선발된 5개의 primer를 이용하여 90개체를 집괴분석한 결과 국내 재래종 인삼은 5개군으로 그리고 3개의 아군으로 구분되었다. 국내 재래종 인삼은 유전적 변이가 크므로 인삼 육종을 위한 재료로 이용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국육종학회지
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.488-494
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• 2010

국내에서 수집된 인삼 자원 중에서 작물학적 특성이 우수하다고 조사된 54점(6~7년 근)을 대상으로 UPOV 조사 기준에 따라 주요 형태적인 특성들을 조사한 결과 경수는 1~4개 범위로 1개인 것이 42.6%이고, 2개인 것이 38.6%로 경수가 1~2개인 것이 전체 81.2%로 나타났으며, 경수가 5개인 것은 없었다. 장엽수는 3~6엽 범위로 5엽이 55.6%였고 4엽인 것은 25.9%였다. 경색은 자색계열이 전체 81.5%로 자색이 46.3%, 연자색이 25.9%를 차지하였다. 엽병색도 자색계열이 87%로 이 중 자색이 38.9%, 연자색은 29.6%를 차이 하였다. 잎의 주름 정도는 약간 있다가 20.4%였고, 46.3%가 강하다고 조사되었다. 잎의 거치정도는 없거나 약간 있다고 조사된 것이 51.9%였고, 29.6%가 강하다고 나타났다. 소엽모양은 넓은 타원형이 61.1%였으며, 타원형이 38.9%이였다. 풍기를 포함한 경북 지역 수집종 21점과 금산지역 수집종 29점 등을 포함한 54점의 수집종을 재료로 100개의 random primer를 이용 RAPD 분석 결과 OPA02 등 14개의 primer를 선발하였으며, 크게 금산지역과 풍기지역으로 group지워졌고, 풍기 수집종인 01-9, 01-35, 01-44는 금산지역으로 grouping되어진 반면, 금산지역 수집종 332001, 332002, 332003은 풍기 지역으로 grouping되었다. 금산지역 수집종은 65~86%로 변이가 심한 반면, 풍기지역 수집종은 73~95%사이로 금산지역 수집종의 혼계 정도가 더 심하였다. 특히 형태적 특성 면에서 두 지역간에 경수는 1~2개로 차이가 없었으나 장엽수, 경색, 엽병색, 소엽의 모양 등에서는 다소 차이를 보였다. 따라서 수집종의 유전 분석을 통해 선발된 OPA02, OPA07, OPC08, OPD11, OPD20 등 14개의 primer들은 앞으로 지역 재래종 특성 분류 등 인삼 유전자원의 특성 구분이나 품종개량에 유익하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.146-150
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• 2003

본 연구는 DNA수준에서 인삼의 종내 및 종간 개체간의 유전변이를 확인할 수 있는 새로운 방법인 PCR-aided RFLP를 사용하여 품종육성의 기초자료로 삼고자 수행하였다. 인삼의 엽록체 DNA중 psbA gene과 rbcL gene을 제한효소처리하여 그 band 양상을 조사하고자 하였다. Chloroplast DNA 중 psbA gene과 rbcL gene을 분리하기 위하여 각각 psbA-N, psbA-C primer 및 rbcL-N, PX-1 primer를 사용한 결과 적정 분자량인 psbA gene은 1,008bp에서, rbcL gene은 1,336 bp에서 band가 나타났다. 또한 atpB gene, rpoB gene, trn gene을 분리하기 위한 primer를 사용한 결과 역시 예상 대로 1,366bp, 900bp, 1,500bp, 1,008bp에서 band가 나타났다. PCR에 의하여 분리한 psbA gene과 rbcL gene을 sau3A, Taq1, Alu1, HaeIII 등의 제한효소로 절단하여 RFLP양상을 조사한 결과 모든 인삼에서 TaqI 제한효소 처리구에서 KG Line 과 종 및 변종간 모두 절단이 되었으며 800bp에서 band가 위치하고 있다. AluI의 제한효소 처리구에서도 KG Line과 유전자원에서 800bp인 동일한 band를 보였다. 제한효소 HaeIII에서는 KG Line의 경우 500bp의 위치에서 희미하게 band를 동일하게 보였다. 그러나 유전자원에 있어 HaeIII 제한효소처리구에서는 band가 관찰되지 않아 KG Line과 차이를 보였다. 모든 chloroplast gene은 PCR 증폭에 의하여 밴드를 형성하였으나 제한효소 처리후 각 인삼 종내 또는 종간 식별이 용이하지 않아서 좀 더 많은 제한효소를 사용하거나 증폭된 DNA를 염기서열을 분석하여 비교하는 방법이 고려 되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.379-384
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• 2015

Background : Considerable time and effort is required to develop new Panax ginseng varieties. Ginseng breeders have been developing techniques to shorten the breeding cycle to resolve this problem. In this study, we investigated the effects of adding $GA_3$ and alternating temperature (AT, $2^{\circ}C{\rightarrow}-2^{\circ}C{\rightarrow}2^{\circ}C$) on breaking bud dormancy in the varieties (Chungsun and Sunun) of ginseng root. Methods and Results : The $GA_3$ soaking treatment and AT were applied to one year old roots, which greatly accelerated the emergence of new buds. In one year old roots, new buds emerged from the 4th day post transplanting and after breaking dormancy with $GA_3$ and AT treatments. The emergence of new buds was completed within two weeks. The rate of bud emergence for Chungsun was 60% - 98% over 15 - 60 days after the AT and $GA_3$ treatments. The emergence rate of Sunun was 46% - 92%. Normal growth of the ginseng seedling was observed in spite of the early breaking of bud dormancy by combined $GA_3$ and AT treatments. Conclusions : $GA_3$ and AT treatments shortened the dormancy period and facilitated the stable emergence of ginseng seedlings. However, some plants suffered deformities and early sprouting owing to the combined $GA_3$ and AT treatments. Early sprouting was free from dormancy after leaf fall from the of aerial part of the plant.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.207-213
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• 2016

Background: This study aimed to investigate the flowering and fruits formation characteristics of Korean Panax ginseng varieties. The results will provide basic data for ginseng seed production and breeding program. Methods and Results: The characteristics investigated included flowering date, seed setting rate, seed type and seed production. The ginseng variety Chungsun had the earliest emergency and flowering dates, whereas Sunhyang showed late emergence and flowering dates. The emergence date of Chunpoong was not later than that of the other varieties, but the flowering date was delayed. The seed setting rate was 64.6%, 75.8%, 78.5% and 74.4% for three, four, five and six-year-old varieties, respectively. The ratio of double seed (RD) for Sunhyang and Chungsun were higher than those for the others, whereas the RD for Chunpoong was the lowest. Yunpoong and Sunone had many stems per plant and a high seed production rate. Seed production was 21.7, 67.7, 74.4 and 89.0kg/10 a in three, four, five and six-year-old varieties, respectively. Conclusions: The emergence date ranged from April 15 to 25, and the flowering date was from May 10 to the 19 for the new ginseng varieties. The average seed multiplication of the ginseng varieties was about 8.5 and 21.1 times a year for varieties in which, seed-production occurs once a year for over four years and four times over six years, respectively.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.41-48
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• 1995

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), TMV-common strain, causes severe damage on flue-cured tobacco in Korea. As the results, breeding programs were conducted to transfer the TMV resistance from NC567 to other cultivars. Advantage of F1, hybrid may not lie only in their heterotic value but also in directly combining of valuable dominant traits, e.g. for disease resistance, either in pairs or as groups already assembled in the two parents. A new TMV resistant flue-cured tobacco variety KF114 was developed from a cross as maternal parent MSNC567 and NC82 at the Suwon Experiment Station. KF114 was more vigorous growth characteristics in early stage than that of NC82, standard variety in Korea, and other characters were similar to those of NC82. It os high resistance to TMV, but bacterial wilt(Pseudomonas solanacerum) and black shank (Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae) is comparable to NC82. It should adapt well to the flue-cured production area and can reduce premature flowering under unfavorable weather conditions. Yield of KF114 is 1% to 5% higher, and nearly equal in value per KG compared with NC82. This variety, F1 hybrid, met acceptable standards for chemical and physical characteristics of cured leaf and high ranked good smoking taste by panel members in Korea Ginseng and Tobacco Research Institute.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.499-509
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• 2017

Recently, there has been increased attention to the development of new plant cultivars with enhanced resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. To develop ginseng cultivars with such traits, systematic breeding programs and comprehensive field studies are prerequisites. In this study, we applied a pure-line selection method to identify a ginseng cultivar with enhanced stress resistance. Phenotypic and agronomic characteristics, seed yield, and physiological responses to biotic and abiotic stresses were investigated according to the guidelines of the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV). In the newly developed 'Kowon' cultivar, the time of emergence, flowering, and berry maturity were intermediate between those of the controls, 'Yunpoong' and 'Chunpoong'. The stem length of 'Kowon' was intermediate, whereas the root length was shorter and the main root diameter was greater than those of 'Chunpoong'. In local adaptability tests conducted in three regions, the yield of 'Kowon' was $666kg{\cdot}10a^{-1}$; 27% and 4% higher than that of 'Chunpoong' and 'Yunpoong'. Diseases such as Alternaria blight, Phytophthora blight, mulberry mealybug, and nematode infestation did not occur in 'Kowon'; and it also exhibited moderate resistance to damping-off and anthracnose. In these cases, yellow spots occurred on aerial parts and the rusty skin of the root, and it exhibited moderate resistance at high temperatures. Our study demonstrates that 'Kowon', which has a high root weight and enhanced biotic/abiotic stress resistance, is a superior cultivar that could increase farmers' income.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제50권
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• pp.19-26
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• 2023

이번 연구에서 인삼의 약 배양을 통한 배 형성과 식물체의 재분화가 확인되었다. 인삼의 약 배양에서 캘러스 유도에 적합한 기본 배지는 MS 배지였고 sucrose 농도는 3%였으며, 배 형성에 적합한 호르몬 농도는 2,4-D 1.0 mg/L 또는 3.0 mg/L이었다. 저온 전처리에 의한 인삼 약 배양의 캘러스 유도와 배 형성의 효율성 차이는 확인할 수 없었다. 인삼의 품종별 약 배양의 효율성을 검정한 결과, 청선 품종의 배 형성률이 가장 우수하였으며 선운 품종은 배 형성이 관찰되지 않았다. 약 배양으로 유도된 캘러스의 배수성을 검정한 결과, 반수체 캘러스가 확인되었지만 이 캘러스에서 배는 형성되지 않았다. 약 배양 유래의 배를 발아배지에 치상하였을 때 정상적으로 식물체가 재분화 하였으며, 이 식물체의 배수성을 검정한 결과, 모두 2배체로 확인되었다. 추후 DNA 마커를 이용한 약 배양 유래 식물체의 동형접합성의 확인이 필요하다고 판단된다. 인삼 약 배양을 통하여 동형접합성 식물체를 생산할 수 있다면 인삼 육종 효율성을 증진시키는데 크게 기여할 수 있을 것이다.