• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.73 no.1
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• pp.55-62
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• 1986

Anatomy of Pinus koraiensis needles and Ginkgo biloba leaves was investigated after exposure to simulated acid rain, drought and salt solution. All of the stresses applied to the needle of Pinus koraiensis caused collapse of mesophyll tissues; epidermis was collapsed due to acid rain, severe compress and transformation of epidermis, mesophyll, and endodermis to drought, and collapse of phloem and transfusion tissue to salt solution. Spongy mesophyll tissues, however, collapsed in the leaves of Ginkgo biloba; epidermis and palisade tissues collapsed due to acid rain, compress and transformation of spongy mesophyll tissues to drought, and hypertrophy and collapse of endodermis and transfusion tissues to salt solution.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.179-185
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• 2015

A study was carried out to observe the 1% aqueous safranine solution flow speed in longitudinal and radial directions of softwood G. biloba, ring-porous wood A. altissima, and diffuse- porouswood D. kaki. In radial direction, ray cells and in longitudinal direction tracheids, vessel and wood fiber were considered for the measurement of liquid penetration speed at less than 12% moisture contents (MC). The length, lumen diameter, pit diameter, end wall pit diameter and the numbers of end wall pits determined for the flow rate. The liquid flow in the those cells was captured via video and the capillary flow rate in the ones were measured. Vessel in hardwood species and tracheids in softwood was found to facilitate prime role in longitudinal penetration. Radial flow speed was found highest in ray parenchyma of G. biloba. Anatomical features like the length and diameter, end-wall pit numbers of ray parenchyma were found also responsible fluid flow differences. On the other hand, vessel and fiber structure affected the longitudinal flow of liquids. Therefore, the average liquid penetration depth in longitudinal tracheids of G. biloba was found the highest among all cells considered in D. kaki and A. altissima.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.241-249
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• 1996

To determine the accumulation and distribution of heavy metals in plants and soils of roadsides, the leaf and bark of Ginkgo biloba and Platanus occidentalis, and the soil were sample from Masan-city roadside and Chinhae forest land in July and November, 1994. The content of heavy metals from all the samples in Masan-city area was much higher than that in Chinhae forest land. The amount of heavy metals in soil was higher than those in plant parts of boty trees. The total amount of heavy metals of the bark was higher than the leaf of G. biloba plants. But that of the bark was less than the leaf of P. occidentalis. Heavy metal content in plants (leaf, bark) varied among elements and collections. The concentrations of heavey metals in both trees were in the order of Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd. The concentrations of the four heavy metals in leaf and Zn in soil in G. Biloba were seasonally changed. Whereas those in P. occidentalis were not significantly changed. And there was a high correlation between the concentrations of Pb and Cu in both trees.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 2004

Ginkgolides (GK) and bilobalide are valuable compounds that belong to the lactone terpene. The contents of these metabolites were determined by HPLC from female and male tree of Ginkgo biloba L. The productivity of G. biloba cells was also compared with the corresponding individual trees. High variations in the ginkgolides and bilobalide were observed from different individuals, plant parts, and cultured cells. The ginkgolides and bilobalide contents were different depending on the plant parts. Callus was obtained from various plant tissues, and NAA was better at callogenesis than 2,4-D in both the female and male trees. The plants and their corresponding cells showed considerable variation in their ginkgolides and bilobalide concentrations. The ginkgolides and bilobalide contents were not correlated with the production between dominant trees and their corresponding cells. Light irradiation enhanced the production of GK-A and GK-B, however, the concentration of bilobalide decreased under dark conditions.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.41-46
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• 2004

The influence of various culture conditions on growth and ginkgolides (GKA and GKB), and bilobalide formation in callus and suspension cultures of Ginkgo biloba were investigated. Callus induced from the leaf petioles exhibited distinct morphological and physiological responses. The cell biomass and ginkgolides content varied among the cell lines; brownish callus lines produced high levels of ginkgolides and bilobalide in spite of poor cell growth. Among the culture media used, MS medium showed significant effect on cell growth and ginkgolides production. Low concentration of sucrose (3%) improved cell growth, while higher sucrose levels (5 and 7%) improved ginkgolides production. Cultivation of callus cultures above 28$^{\circ}C$ dramatically reduced their growth rate; however the cell lines grown at 36$^{\circ}C$ showed increased levels of bilobalide content. A 2.5-L balloon type bubble bioreactor (BTBB) was successfully developed for the cell growth and ginkgolides production.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.24-29
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• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate insecticidal activities of Ginkgo biloba (L.) leaves-derived bilobalide and its hydrolysis and oxidation products against adults of Nilaparavata lugens Stal. To find out active insecticidal moiety of bilobalide, decomposed intermediates and derivatives of bilobalide were made by hydrolysis, oxidation, and acetylation. The structures of hydrolysis product by base and oxidation product by acid were identified as cyclopentenone analogues and trilactone sesquiterpene from dehydration of bilobalide, respectively. Insecticidal activities of the decomposed intermediates and the derivatives of bilobalide decreased in the order of bilobalide, monoacetate, ginkgolide C, oxidation product, diacetate, and hydrolysis product. Therefore, trilactone structure of bilobalide may be essential for its insecticidal activity.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.38-53
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• 1998

This study quantified annual net carbon uptake by urban landscape trees and provided equations to estimate it for Ginkgo biloba, platanus occidentalis, Zelkova serrata and Acer palmatum, based on measurement of exchange rate for two years growing seasons from Sep., 1995 to Aug., 1997. The carbon uptake was significantly influenced by photosynthetic capacity, photon flux density and pruning. Ginkgo biloba showed the highest rate of net CO\sub 2\ uptake per unit leaf area and Acer palmatum did the lowest rate among those species. A tree shaded by adjacent building over the growing seasons showed net CO\sub2\ uptake per unit leaf area much lower than another tree of the same species less shaded. Annual net carbon uptake per tree was 19kg for Zelkova serrata, but only 1 kg for Ginkgo biloba and Platanus occidentalis with crown volume dwarfed from pruning. One Zekoval serrata tree annually offset carbon emission from consumption of about 32 liter of gasoline or 83 kWh of electricity. Strategies to improve CO\sub 2\ uptake by urban landscape trees include planting of species with high potosynthetic capacity, sunlight-guaranteed road and building layout for street trees, planting of shade-tolerant species in the north of buildings, and relocation of utility lines to underground and minimized pruning.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.15
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• pp.6317-6325
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• 2015

Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) is a popular phytomedicine and has been used for disorders of the central nervous system, cardiovascular, renal, respiratory, and circulatory diseases. Although GBE is a complex mixture of over 300 compounds, its major components are 24% flavonoids and 6% terpene lactones. In this study, we tested the inhibitory effects of the three major flavonoids (kaempferol, quercetin, and isorhamnetin) from GBE, independently and as mixtures, on aromatase activity using JEG-3 cells (human placental cells) and recombinant proteins (human placental microsome). In both systems, kaempferol showed the strongest inhibitory effects among the three flavonoids; the flavanoid mixtures exerted increased inhibitory effects. The results of exon I.1-driven luciferase reporter gene assays supported the increased inhibitory effects of flavonoid mixtures, accompanied by suppression of estrogen biosynthesis. In the RT-PCR analysis, decreased patterns of aromatase promoter I.1 mRNA expressions were observed, which were similar to the aromatase inhibition patterns of flavonoids and their mixtures. The present study demonstrated that three flavonoids synergistically inhibit estrogen biosynthesis through aromatase inhibition, decrease CYP19 mRNA, and induce transcriptional suppression. Our results support the usefulness of flavonoids in adjuvant therapy for breast cancer by reducing estrogen levels with reduced adverse effects due to estrogen depletion.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.359-364
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• 1992

The vascular cambium in Ginkgo biloba seedling began to differentiate in the cotyledonary node, and then the differentiation proceeded bidirectionally from the cotyledonary node toward the stem and root. In tangential view, procambium at the early developmental stage was a homogeneous structure consisted of almost similar cells in shape, and at the later stage the procambium became a heterogeneous one consisted of long cells and short cells. Such a differentiation pattern in the cotyledonary node was similar to that in the stem. However, it was different from that in the root. Fusiform initials and ray initials consisting the vascular cambium were originated from the long cells and the short cells, respectively. The long cells and the fusiform initials in the cotyledonary node were shorter and wider than those in the first internode.ernode.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.304-308
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• 1993

A platelet activating factor(PAF) antagonist ginkgolides produced from Ginkgo biloba are well known for their potential usage in septic shock and other PAF related diseases. Even though they are extracted from the leaves and on occasion the root bark, the exact biosynthetic site and pathway have not proved yet. In order to locate the enzymes involved and elucidate the biosynthetic site of the compounds, embryo-derived aseptic intact plantlet and plantlet without root have been cultured on 0.3% active carbon-containing solid Murashige and Skoog's medium. The leaves from the six-week-old normal plantlet contained similar amount of ginkgolide B to that of outdoor plant leaves, while the plantlets without root had less than 30% of the ginkgolide B compared to the in vitro intact plantlets. The results suggest that the ginkgolides may be synthesized in the root and transported to the aerial part.