• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.181-184
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• 2002

This study reports the encapsulation of plasmid DNA in erythrocyte ghosts. The plasmid DNA was encapsulated into erythrocyte ghosts using three methods; osmotic shock, electroporation in isotonic medium, and e1ectroporation in hypotonic medium. Of three methods, electroporation in hypotonic medium resulted in the highest encapsulation efficiency of plasmid DNA. The morphology of erythrocyte ghosts prepared by electroporation in hypotonic medium was similar to that by osmotic shock alone. The circulation time of plasmid DNA in mice was prolonged by administration in erythrocyte ghost-encapsulated forms. These results indicated the potential of erythrocyte ghosts for biocompative nonviral delivery system of therapeutic genes for hematological diseases.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.630-635
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• 1996

Blood plasma proteins dissolved in isotonic phosphate-buffered saline were found to be adsorbed to red blood cell ghosts suspended in the solution. This was evidenced by concentration reduction of the plasma proteins in the bulk solution. For initial concentration of 0.1mg/mL immuno globulin, concentration reduction increased from 14% to 45% as the volume fraction of red blood cell ghosts in the solution increased from 5% to 45%. For initial concentration of 0.075mg/mL albumin, the concentration reduction increased from 12% to 47% as the volume fraction of red blood cell ghosts in the solution increased from 5% to 70%. The concentration reduction of plasma proteins in hardened red blood cell ghosts was higher than that in red blood cell ghosts. The number of adsorbed protein molecules per a red blood cell ghost were reduced as volume fraction of the ghosts in the solution increased.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.285-288
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• 2006

The respiratory burst activity of tilapia (Oreochromis mosambicus) phagocytes agaisnt Edwardsiella tarda ghosts produced by gene E mediated lysis was investigated. Stimulation with E. tarda ghosts (ETG) showed markedly higher respiratory burst activity than that with formalin killed E. tarda (FKC) in phagocytes. This result may suggest that ETG can induce effective cellular immune responses in fish.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.376-388
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• 2018

In through-the-wall radar imaging (TWRI), the presence of front and side walls causes multipath propagation, which creates fake targets called multipath ghosts. They populate the scene and reduce the probability of correct target detection, classification, and localization. In modern TWRI, specular multipath exploitation has received considerable attention for reducing the effects of multipath ghosts. However, this exploitation is challenged by the requirements of the reflecting geometry, which is not always available. Currently, the demand for a high radar image resolution dictates the use of a large aperture and wide bandwidth. This results in a large amount of data. To tackle this problem, compressive sensing (CS) is applied to TWRI. With CS, only a fraction of the data are used to produce a high-quality image, provided that the scene is sparse. However, owing to multipath ghosts, the scene sparsity is highly deteriorated; hence, the performance of the CS algorithms is compromised. This paper presents and discusses the adverse effects of multipath ghosts in TWRI. It describes the physical formation of ghosts, their challenges, and existing suppression techniques.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.30-35
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• 1990

The photooxidation of human erythrocyte ghosts has been studied and the effects of ginseng water extract on it have been investigated. In the presence of photosensitizer, rose bengal, human erythrocyte ghosts have caused photooxidation by lO2 and produced lip)id hydroperoxides. Ginseng water extract and d-${\alpha}$-tocofherol have inhibited photooxidation, ,whereas ascorbic acid has developed in low concentrations but inhibited in high concentrations. On the other hand, amounts of lipid hydroperoxide produced by photooxidation were decreased by addition of catalase after irradiation and according to sequential addition of ginseng water extract into it, the formation of lipid hydrolleroxide was decreased simultaneously.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.159-164
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• 2012

Vibrio vulnificus ghosts (VVG) were generated using a mobilizable vector including a thermosensitive expression cassette by conjugation. The vaccine potential of VVG was investigated in mouse. Mice immunized with VVG showed significantly higher antibody titer than those with formalin-killed V. vulnificus. The present study supports the conceptive usefulness of bacterial ghosts as vaccine candidates.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.83-87
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• 2007

Edwardsiella tarda, a gram (-) pathogen causing edwardsiellosis in farmed fish, was transformed via electroporation with a plasmid expression vector driving the PhiX174 E-lysis gene under the transcriptional control by lambda PR regulatory sequence. The persistent maintenance of the plasmid vector in recombinant E. tarda was found in numerous subculture procedures over up to 6 months without any adverse effect on the original copy number of plasmids. Comparative examination based on semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis on transcriptional efficiency of E-lysis gene between recombinant E. coli and E. tarda indicated that promoter strength and induction capacity of bacterial ghosts would be retarded in E. tarda as compared to the E. coli. However, the completeness of induction for bacterial ghosts in E. tarda was the same with E. coli, in which at least 99.99% of induction rate was possible and further the viability of recombinant bacteria was completely eliminated by a post-induction procedure including washing and freeze drying lyophilization.

• Asian Journal for Public Opinion Research
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.279-306
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• 2015

Americans continue to have beliefs in the paranormal, for example in UFOs, ghosts, haunted houses, and clairvoyance. Yet, to date there has not been a systematic gathering of data on popular beliefs about the paranormal, and the question of whether or not there is a convincing trend in beliefs about the paranormal remains to be explored. Public opinion polling on paranormal beliefs shows that these beliefs have remained stable over time, and in some cases have in fact increased. Beliefs in ghosts (25% in 1990 to 32% in 2005) and haunted houses (29% in 1990, 37% in 2001) have all increased while beliefs in clairvoyance (26% in 1990 and 2005) and astrology as scientific (31% in 2006, 32% in 2014) have remained stable. Belief in UFOs (50%) is highest among all paranormal beliefs. Our findings show that people continue to hold beliefs about the paranormal despite their lack of grounding in science or religion.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.55-69
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to describe preschoolers' perceptions of fear from their own perspective. Qualitative data from 213 preschoolers 4 to 6 years of age were obtained by semi-structured interviews. The fear inventory was analyzed by content analysis and frequency. The most common fears of preschoolers in this study were fear of ferocious animals and imaginary figures, such as tigers, lions, snakes, spirits and ghosts. Fear of ghosts was the primary fear of both boys and girls. Results showed that most fears were caused by disgust-related visual images. Worry about injury and pain was another common pathway to fear. At-risk preschoolers scored significantly higher than normal preschoolers on fears of criticism and getting an injection.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1998.07g
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• pp.2424-2426
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• 1998

We propose a robust equalization algorithm to improve the performance of airplane flutter casuing dynamic ghosts. The algorithm is an augumentation of the DFE with training sequence(DFE-TS) with the Modified Stop-and-Go Algorithm(MSGA) based on DFE structure, which is called a DFE-TS/MSGA. This will allow the equalizer to switch itself back to blind mode almost instantaneously when drastic and sudden changes in the channel occur. Test results based on the 8-VSB HDTV receiver show that the proposed algorithm is robust against dynamic ghosts and outperforms the conventional DFE-TS in reducing the intersymbol interference.