• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.53 no.3
• /
• pp.292-296
• /
• 2008

Clay-coated rice seeds (clay-coated seeds A and B) were directly sown on dry paddy and their growth and yield were compared with the normal drill-sown seeds on dry flat paddy. In clay-coated seeds, germination was 1 day earlier and the emergence rate was higher up to 5% than that of normal drill-sown seeds. But the apparent number of seedling stand per $m^2$ was lower than that of normal drill-sown seeds, which is due to the smaller amount of seeding in clay-coated seeds. At the early growth stage, the plant height of clay-coated seeds A was taller than that of drill-sown seeds, while the plant height of clay-coated seeds B was 0.7 cm shorter than that of drill-sown seeds. At the late growth stage, however, the difference was insignificant in both cases. The maximum tillering stage was 10 days earlier in drill-sown seeds. Lodging index was the lowest in clay-coated seeds B and there was no difference between clay-coated seeds A and drill-sown seeds. The ratio of stem base weight, culm diameter and culm wall thickness were higher in clay-coated seeds, while the lower internodes (4th, 5th and 6th) length was shorter in claycoated seeds than in drill-sown seeds. In clay-coated seeds, the number of panicle per $m^2$ was smaller, while the number of spikelet per panicle was a little larger than in drill-sown seeds. The rate of ripened grain and brown rice 1,000 grain weight were lower in the clay-coated seeds, thus the yield was $98{\sim}99%$ level of drill-sown seeds. Considering that the amount of seeding in clay-coated seeds was two-thirds of that in drill-sown seeds, it is expected that clay coating method could become an additional technique for direct seeding cultivation.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.63-68
• /
• 1998

This experiment was carried out to select some herbicides for edible wild greens, Album monanthum, Petasites japonicus, and Aster scaber. The herbicides tested were napropamide 21.8% EC, nitralin 50% WP, and pendimethalin 31.7% EC. Dorminant weeds in the field were Echinochloa crus-galli, Digitaria sanguinalis, Persicaria hydropiper, Chenopodium album, and Siegesbeckia pubescens. Simpson's index was calculated to 0.26~0.30, which showed that weed occurrence in the field was quite various. Control efficacy in the field treated with napropamide EC 872g(ai/ha)., nitralin WP 1,000g(ai/ha), and pendimethalin EC 634g(ai/ha) were 81.4%~85.6%, 79.4%~82.8%, and 86.8%~92.2%, respectively. The typical phytotoxic symptoms to herbicides were germination inhibition, growth retardation, and malformation.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.409-419
• /
• 2008

The purpose of this study is to compare the differences in aboveground flora and underground flora between a forest road and a forest edge and to clarify each characteristic through ecological approach to a forest road. The study site was the forest planted with Pinus koraiensis and Abies holophylla, and located at an altitude of 45m($36^{\circ}36'23''N127^{\circ}21'45''E$). The width of the forest road is 3.2m. This research set the forest edge within the areas 5m away from the forest road and also conducted a survey on vegetation 5 times from september 2006 to August 2007. In addition, it installed thirty six quadrats to make an analysis of reclaimed soil seed bank. Soil amounting to 600$cm^3$ was collected from each quadrat using soil samplers(100$cm^3$),which was preserved in low temperature refrigeration for a month. Soil was thinly strewed evenly on trays and watered every four or five days; then, this research did experiment for six months until no more germination took place. Through this process, this research identified species and counted the number of germinating individuals by using emerging seedlings. The research result showed that on the whole, the similarity index between aboveground flora and underground flora was low. The correlation coefficient between the aboveground flora vegetations both on the forest road and on its edge was found to be 0.36, showing a correlation with each other(p<0.05). On the other hand, the correlation coefficient between underground flora vegetations through the analysis of reclaimed soil seed bank was 0.20, showing no correlation with each other(p>0.05). As the survey result of naturalized plants, there existed 7 species of naturalized plants on the forest road in case woody plants were included, showing 11.11% naturalization rate and 2.61% urbanization index(UI). On the other hand in case woody plants were not included among the naturalized plants, the naturalization rate on the forest road was 12.50% while the naturalization rate on the edge of the forest was 9.09%.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
• /
• v.34 no.2
• /
• pp.63-72
• /
• 2016

The objective of this study was to identify the life form characteristics, naturalized degree and introduction period of naturalized plants on upland fields in South Korea. The survey sites were selected in 222 upland fields over 9 provinces where are relatively dry soil conditions and are disturbed continuously by farming practices. It seemed that these uplands maintain good condition for the invasion and settlement of alien plants. Field surveys were carried out twice from May to June and from August to September in 2013. The vascular plants of the upland fields were listed into 539 taxa which contain 103 families, 320 genera, 448 species, 2 subspecies, 74 varieties and 15 forms. Ninety nine taxa were naturalized plants composed of 23 families, 64 genera, 91 species and 8 varieties. The urbanization index and naturalized index is 30.65% and 18.37%, respectively. Among total 99 naturalized plants, Compositae (30 taxa) was the most dominant family, and followed by Gramineae (14 taxa). On the basis of dormancy form, 78 taxa were belong to Th (Therophyte). In radicoid form, $R_5$ plants (86 taxa) and $R_3$ plants (14 taxa) were dominantly distributed. In disseminule form, $D_4$ including 63 taxa and $D_2$ containing 26 taxa were dominant. On the basis of growth form, erect form (e) containing 26 taxa was dominant. In conclusion, life form spectrum was $Th-R_5-D_4-e$ type. According to life form analysis, naturalized degree and introduction period, alien plants with unique characteristics may have high ability to settle and spread nationwide after inflow into South Korea. It needs further to observe some plant species with or without ecological features such as widely disseminated seeds by wind or water, high seed productivity, long life-span seeds, high germination rate of seeds, or non-dormant germinable seed.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.34 no.3
• /
• pp.407-412
• /
• 2002

This study was carried out to investigate the differences in malt quality between high-protein Korean malting barley and low-protein Korean malting barley. The average protein content of each area in the 1996 crops was as follows; The protein content of Doosan-29 from Jeon-Nam was 14.1% (d.b), that of Sacheon-6 from kyung-Nam was 13.4% (d.b) and that of Doosan-8 from Je-Ju was 12.8% (d.b). In the micro malting trial for high and low protein malting barley, the original protein level of the malting barley was not changed and decreased during germination days. The malt friability of high-protein malting barley was very low, but that of low-protein malting barley was high. The malt friability of high-protein malting barley was 44.5% and that of low-protein malting barley was 84.2%. In proportion to an increase of +1% (d.b) in barley protein, the fine grind extract of malt was decreased -0.86% (d.b). Economically, it was the most negative factor for high-protein Korean malting barley. The ${\beta}-glucan$ content of high-protein malting barley was higher than that of low-protein malting barley. Wort viscosity and malt color were increased and Kolbach index was decreased in high-protein malting barley. Free amino nitrogen and diastatic power for high-protein malting barley were higher than those of low-protein malting barley. They were the most positive factors for high-protein Korean malting barley.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.46 no.2
• /
• pp.261-272
• /
• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate indices affecting composts maturity for swine manure compost produced in a commercial composting facility with air-forced from the bottom. The composting was made of swine manure mixed with puffing rice hull(6: 4) and turned by escalating agitator twice a day. Composting samples were collected periodically during a 45-d composting cycle at that system, showing that indices of Ammonium-N to Nitrate-N ratio were sensitive indicators of composting quality. Pile temperature maintained more than 62$^{\circ}C$ and water contents decreased about 20% for 25days of composting. A great variety and high numbers of aerobic thermophilic heterotropic microbes playing critical roles in stability of composts have been examined in the final composts, sbowing that they were detected $10^8$ to $10^{10}$ $CFUg^{-1}$ in mesophilic bacteria, $10^3$ - $10^4$ in fungi and $10^6$ - $10^8$ in actinomycetes, respectively. The results of this study for detennining a factor affecting compost stability evaluations based on composting steps were as follows; 1. Ammonium-N concentrations were highest at the beginning of composting, reaching approximately 421mg/kg. However Ammonium-N concentrations were lower during curing, reaching approximately l04mg/kg just after 45 day. The ratio between $NH_4-N$ and $NO_3-N$ was above II at the beginning of composting and less than 2 at the final step(45 day). 2. Seed germination Index was dependent upon the compost phytotoxicity and its nutrition. The phytotocity caused the GI to low during the period of active composting(till 25 days of composting time) depending on the value of the undiluted. After 25 days of composting time, the GI was dependent upon compost nutrition. The Gennination index of the final step was calculated at over 80 without regard to treatments. 3. E4: E6 ratio in humic acid of composts was correlatively decreased from 8.86 to 6.76 during the period of active composting. After 25 days of composting time, the E4: E6 was consistently decreased from 6.76 to 4.67($r^2$ of total composting period was 0.95). 4. Water soluble carbon had a tendency to increase from 0.54% to 0.78%during the period of active composting. After 25 days of composting time, it was consistently decreased from 0.78% to 0.42%. Water soluble nitrogen increased from 0.22% to 0.32% during the period of 15 days after initial composting while decreased from 0.32% to 0.21% after 15days of composting. In consequence, the correlation coefficient($r^2$) between water soluble carbon and water soluble nitrogen was 0.12 during the period of active composting mule was 0.50 after 25 days of composting time

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
• /
• v.41 no.3
• /
• pp.333-337
• /
• 2009

A new malting barley variety, "Daho", was developed from the cross between "Milyang85 and Suwon335" at the Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop (DRWCC) NICS, in 2007. An elite line, YMB2064-B-8-2-4-1-1, was selected in 2004 and designated as "Milyang134". It showed good agronomic performance in the regional adaptation yield trials (RYT) from 2005 to 2007 and was released with the name of "Daho", having high yielding and BaYMV resistance. The average heading and maturing dates of "Daho" were April 19 and May 27, which were 2 days later and 1 day earlier than those of "Jinyang", leading variety, at the regional adaptation yield trials (RYT), respectively. "Daho" had longer culm length (84 cm), more spikes per $m^2$ (915) and higher 1,000 grain weight (39.2 g) than those of "Jinyang" in paddy field condition. "Daho" was showed resistance to BaYMV at the regions of Naju, Jinju, and Milyang but moderately resistance at Iksan. However, the response of "Daho" to other environmental stresses was similar to "Jinyang". The yields of "Daho" at upland and paddy fields were about 5.20 MT/ha, 4.81 MT/ha, respectively, which is about 38%, 25% higher than those of "Jinyang" in the regional adaptation yield trials (RYT), respectively. It has higher grain assortment, germination capacity, water sensitivity and Kolback index but lower malt extract, diastatic power and filtration speed than those of "Jinyang".

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
• /
• v.50 no.4
• /
• pp.490-496
• /
• 2018

"Samkwang1," a japonica rice variety, was developed as a cross between "Samkwang" and F1 of Suwon152 (IT008283), which has a medium maturing and lodging resistance and Samkwang (IT284608), a high quality variety with bacterial blight resistance and mid-late maturing property by the rice breeding team at NICS in 2015. The heading date of "Samkwang1" was August 8 in the middle plain area, which was 2 days early than that of "Hwaseong." "Samkwang1" had a culm length of 77 cm, which was 7 cm shorter than that of "Hwaseong," and it had 128 spikelets per panicle. The viviparous germination rate of "Samkwang1" was 2.1%. "Samkwang1" showed resistance to blast, bacterial blight (K1, K2, and K3 race) and stripe virus, but was susceptible to the K3a race of bacterial blight, dwarf and black streak dwarf viruses, and plant hoppers. The milled rice of this variety exhibits translucent and medium short grains. The cooked rice grains of "Samkwang1" have an excellent palatability index (0.35) and lower protein content (6.2%) than that of "Hwaseong." The characteristics related to grain milling were better than those of "Hwaseong," especially the head rice milling recovery ratio and head rice ratio (94.2%). "Samkwang1" showed 5.62 MT/ha of milled rice productivity at 11 sites under ordinary cultivation conditions (Registration No. 6798).

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.42 no.1
• /
• pp.1-38
• /
• 1979

The woody species of Genus Ilex which are endemic to Korea are distributed on limited area due to solely temperature factor. There is some differences according to species, however in general, the evergreen Ilex are found along southern coastal area of Korean Peninsula and near islands where the cold index does not exceed $-5^{\circ}C$. But Ilex macropoda and the variety, only deciduous ones, are grown in temperate zone of the peninsula and some islands. The list of Ilex species of Korea are as follows. Ilex cornuta Lindley et Pax., I. crenata Thunb. var. microphylla Max., I. crenata Thunb., I. rotunda Thunb., I. macropoda Miq., I. macropoda Miq. var. pseudo-macropoda Loensner, I. integra Thunb. The author surveyed the populations of Ilex species as many as possible and data of some characters such as leaf shape, spine, fruit shape, stomata density, sex ratio in natural communities, etc. are collected. Almost all the Ilex species in Korea show sporadic distribution. This means quite small sized populations isolate distantly each other eliminating the change of gene exchange in between. Particularly Ilex conuta and I. crenata show the morphological differentiation among populations as well as significant individual variation within a population. These were true with such characteristics, leaf shape, leaf dimension, leaf margin, fruit shape, spine, and stomata density. The founded are that the fruit length and the stomata density counted on the beneath surface of leaves of Ilex cornuta increased with the decrease of latitude. These are naturally closely related with the cold index values. The table shown below indicates the correlation between mean stomata density per $0.3642mm^2$ and cold index values. These relation however were not observed on Ilex crenata. The most dominated natured in relation to individual variation were outline of leaf, the number of marginal spine, the shape of leaf cross section and the degree of luster of the upper leaf surface. As shown in photos 5~7, these variations are agreed at a glance. There are reports that the development of marginal spines in some Ilex species is associated with the juvenility and topophysis. In present study, these two factors were neglected because of the intended sampling procedure. Of Ilex rotunda, population difference with the characteristics of leaf length is recognized but not for leaf width, petiole length, and fruit size. However, individual variations within a population were significantly large. In case of Ilex integra, only individual differences within population were calculated statistically for such characteristics as leaf length, leaf width, and petiole length. As to natural population, the sex ratio was 1:2 (female to male) for Ilex cornuta, and 1:1 for Ilex crenata. The tendency of more male than female in I. cornuta was agreed to other observations. Preparing the tip cutting of length 10cm, and treating with IBA, then attaching earth ball to the cut end, very successful rooting percentages were obtained. Asexual propagation has the advantages of maintaining the heterozygosity of existing varieties and overcoming the difficulties of delayed seed germination frequently encountered with Ilex species. Considering a great deal of variation in morphological traits, a good possibility of selection breeding for decorative and ornamental purposes exists. At present, these evergreen Ilex are ignored by local people as nuisance weedy shrubs. So the proper protection measures should promptly be taken.