• The Korean Journal of Food & Health Convergence
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.18-25
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• 2018

Proteins play a key role in many functions such as metabolic activity, differentiation, as cargos and cell fate regulators. It is necessary to know about the markers involved in male fertility in order to develop remedies for the treatment of male infertility. But, the role of the proteins is not limited to particular function in the biological systems. Some of the proteins act as ion channels such as catsper and proteins like Nanos acts as a translational repressor in germ cells and expressed in prenatal period whose role in male fertility is uncertain. Rbm5 is a pre mRNA splicing factor necessary for sperm differentiation whose loss of function results deficit in sperm production. DEFB114 is a beta defensin family protein necessary for sperm motility in LPS challenged mice where as TEX 101 is a plasma membrane specific germ cell protein whose function is not clearly known u to now. Gpr56 is another adhesion protein whose null mutation leads to arrest of production of pups in rats. Amyloid precursor protein role in Alzheimer's disease is already known but it plays an important role in male fertility also but its function is uncertain and has to be considered while targeting APP during the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. The study on amyloid precursor protein in male fertility is a novel thing but requires further study in correlation to alzheimer's disease.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.55-63
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• 1995

The putative totipotency germ cells has a relative abundance of alkaline phosphatases. Thus, histological staining of AP activity offers a new route to isolate totipotent cells and also provides insights into culture systems of these cells. Furthermore, the AP staining technique is simple and fast, requires only the napthol AS/MS substrate in combination with trapping diazonium salts such as fast red or fast blue. However, our unexpected finding was that AP staining of mouse ES cells were detected in the undifferentiaed epiblast-derived cells as well as several types of differentiating cells. This findings are different from results of Talbot et al. (1993) reported usefulness of the AP staining and implies that histological staining of AP may not by useful to determine undifferentiaed state or totipotency of ES cells. Thus, we have investigated the patterns of AP expression by RT-PCR in order to identify a marker of undifferentiated ES/primordial germ (PG) cells. In RT-PCR analysis, embryonic (E)-AP was detected only in undifferentiated ES cells, but intestinal(I)-AP was not detected in all of the examined ES and PG cells. In addition, nonspecific (NS)-AP wasdetected in undifferentiated PG cell from day 7, 5 to 13 of gestation. Histological activity of AP in ES cells was completely suppressed by addition of L-phenylalanine (Phe), L-homoarginine (Har), and L-phenylalanylglycylglycine (PheGlyGly) as an inhibitor, but RT-PCR showed the same results as in the absence of an inhibitors. Our findings suggested that expression of E-AP and NS-AP may use as a marker to determine the undifferentiated status in ES and PG cells.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.75-77
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• 2000

Retaining migratory activity is a prerequisite for the manipulation and use of PGCs. This study was conducted to examine whether migratory activity is retained in the primordial germ cells(PGCs) from gonads at the later embryonic developmental stage. In the present study, gonads were dissected from 5-, 6- and 10-day-old quail embryos and treated with trypsin-EDTA for the degradation of gonadal tissue. Gonadal PGCs (gPGCs) were purified by Ficoll density gradient centrifugation and labeled with PKH26 fluorescent dye. The PKH26-labeled gPGCs were microinjected into the blood vessels of recipient quail embryo. After further incubation of 3 days, the manipulated recipients were embedded in paraffin and sectioned. The gPGCs were detected by their fluorescence under the fluorescent microscopy and the confocal laser microscopy. As a result, 10-day-old quail gPGCs as well as 5-and 6-day-old gPGCs, could migrate to recipient embryonic gonads and settle down. These results suggest that the 10-day-old gPGCs have the properties of circulating PGCs at early stage. Therefore the PGCs from 10-day old embryonic gonads can be used for the tools of genetic manipulation.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.409-414
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• 1999

In order to investigate the changes of rice qualities during 4 years storage of paddy stored in ware-house of normal temperature condition. Temperature in warehouse was changed more than 3$0^{\circ}C$ under the influence of average temperature outside of a warehouse. Water content of paddy was not increased over 15% But as average temperature in warehouse was gone up 18$^{\circ}C$ from June to September every years it was supposed that these periods were to be deterioration of rice quality. On investigation of change in paddy it was supposed that these periods were to be deterioration of rice quality. On investigation of change in paddy components during the long term storage, reducing, sugar, amylose, crude protein were increased 0.24%, 19.23%, 7.02% at enterance time to 0.5%, 20.31% 7.46% 4 years later respectively. Max viscosity final visocity and set back value by amylograph were increased 449B,U 610B.U, 161B.U to 493B.U, 715B,U 222B.U but breakdown was decreased 125B.U to 76B.U with the increase of storage period. Gel consistency of rice stored was decreased 44.7mm at enterance time to 39,9mm 4years later. Fatty acid was increased remarkably 4.5KOHmg/100g to 24.4KOHmg/100g. Germination ratio and germ activity of paddy during long-term storage were decreased 97%, 100% to 0%, 0.4% respectively, With the increase of storage period contaminated paddy by molds increased and its by bacteria decreas-ed.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.425-438
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• 1997

To assess the testicular toxicity induced by DA-125, a new anthracycline anticancer agent, the test substance was intraveneously administered to male beagle dogs at dose levels of 0, 0.0023, 0.0375, 0.15, and 0.6 mg/kg/day, 6 days a week for 26 weeks. At 0.6 mg/kg/day, 1 out of 3 dogs had died on day 42 of treatment and the other dogs were sacrificed on days 46 and 122 of treatment due to the increasingly severe clinical condition. Clinical signs considered to be related to treatment were included anorexia, vomiting, salivation, decreased activity, mucous and/or dark faeces, diarrhea, and swelling, abscess and/or ulceration of injection sites. Suppression in body weight gain, reduction in food intake, decreases in testicular weight and size, and hemorrhage of epididymis were also observed in male dogs. Microscopically, severe degenerative changes such as atrophy of seminiferous tubules, loss of germ cells, degeneration of germ cells, vacuolization of Sertoli cells, and hyperplasia of Leydig cells were observed in all dogs. Azoospermia in epididymal tubules, atrophy of epithelia in the cauda epididymis, and prostate atrophy were also found. At 0.15 mg/kg/day, anorexia, vomiting, salivation, diarrhea, and swelling of injection sites were observed. In addition, suppression in body weight gain and decreases in testicular weight and size were found in male dogs. Atrophy of seminiferous tubules, decrease of germ cells, degeneration, exfoliation and retention of germ cells, vacuolization of Sertoli cells, and hyperplasia of Leydig cells were observed by histopathological examination. Azoospermia in epididymal tubules and prostate atrophy were also found. At 0.0375 mg/kg/day, there were no clinical signs considered to be indicative of a reaction to treatment, but testicular size was significantly reduced. Microscopically, decreases in the number of spermatogonia and epidydimal speramtozoa were found. There were no evidences of general or testicular toxicity at 0.0023 mg/kg/day. These results indicate that DA-125 produces significant and persistent damage to the spermatogenic compartments of the testes in male beagle dogs.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.145-150
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• 1990

Mesna has been used with ifosfamide to prevent urotoxicity in the treatment of testicular cancers. This drug also protected the toxicities of adriamycin without compromising cytostatic activity. With an idea of radioprotective role of sulfhydryl group of radioprotectors and of mesna decreasing the toxic effect of adriamycin which produces free radicals, mesna and radiation were administered to mice to study the protective effect of this drug and to identify the difference in regenerative capacity of the germ cells in the testis between radiation-treated and both mesna-and radiation-treated groups. The shape and numbers of spermatogenic cells in the seminiferous tubules were examined every week after irradiation. In both groups, initial reduction and later recovery in germ cell numbers and shape was observed. The lowest germ cell number was found around three weeks after irradiation. Mean germ cell number of the mesna-treated group was significantly higher than radiation-treated group at all observed periods (p<0.05). More competent regeneration was present in mesna-treated group. These results suggest that mesna protect the testis from radiation injury. Further study will be necessary to identify whether mesna protects other tissues from radiation and it does not hamper tumor control.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 2008

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate whether multipotent germline stem cells (MGSCs) can be established from neonatal mouse testis. Methods: Various cells containing MGSCs were collected from neonatal testis of ICR mice and allocated to plates for in vitro culture. After 7 days in culture, the cells were passed to a fresh culture plate and continuously cultured. From the third or fourth passage, the presumed MGSCs were cultured and maintained on mitomycin C-inactivated STO feeder cells. The MGSCs were cultured in a condition where mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are cultured. Characteristics of the MGSCs were evaluated by RT-PCR, immunocytochemistry, alkaline phosphatase activity, karyotyping, and transmission electron microscopy. Results: Two MGSCs lines were established from 9 pooled sets of neonatal testicular cells. MGSCs colonies were morphologically undistinguishable from ESCs colonies and both MGSC lines as well as ESCs expressed undifferentiated stem cell markers, such as Thy-1, Oct-4, Nanog, Sox2 and alkaline phosphatase. Fine structure of undifferentiated MGSCs were similar to those of ESCs and 60% of MGSCs (12/20) had normal karyotype at passage 10. They were able to form embryoid bodies (EBs) and MGSC-derived EBs expressed marker genes of three germ layers. Conclusion: We could establish the MGSCs from neonatal mouse testis and they were differentiated to multipotent lineages of three germ layers. Molecular characteristics of MGSCs were similar to those of ESCs. Our results suggest a possibility that multipotent stem cells derived from testis, the MGSCs, could replace the ESCs in biotechnology and regenerative medicine.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.465-472
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• 2019

Candida albicans is an opportunistic human pathogen that causes infections. Candidiasis is often related to antifungal resistance because the pathogen has the ability to form biofilms. In a previous study, we found that the Salvia miltiorriza ethanol extract demonstrated anticandidal activity by altering membrane permeability and inhibiting the cell wall synthesis in C. albicans. Our results here demonstrate that $78{\mu}g/ml$ of the S. miltiorriza extract significantly diminished the early stage biofilms formed by 10 clinical C. albicans isolates by 51.3%; this was analyzed by 2,3-Bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide salt (XTT) reduction assay. The effect of the S. miltiorrhiza extract on the adhesion of C. albicans cells to polystyrene plates and germ tube formation was examined via microscopic investigation. Although the density of the adhered cells was remarkably reduced up on incubation with $39{\mu}g/ml$ S. miltiorrhiza extract, germ tube formation by C. albicans was rarely affected. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that the S. miltiorrhiza extract downregulated the expression of C. albicans hypha-specific genes, EAP1 by 34.7% (p < 0.001), ALS1 by 45.0% (p < 0.001), ALS3 by 48.1% (p < 0.001), and ECE1 by 21.3% (p = 0.006), respectively. Our data suggest that the S. miltiorrhiza ethanol extract significantly inhibited the early stage of biofilm formation by C. albicans by interfering with cell adhesion, by downregulating EAP1, ALS1 and ALS3, and presumably by modifying the cell wall and membrane structure.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.261-267
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• 1996

To examine the potential utilization of chitosan, the biodegradable natural polymer, as a control agent of apple white rot caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea in a new control measure by coating it on the diseased branches, the various antifungal activities of chitosan was investigated. Chitosan showed significant inhibitory effect on the mycelial growth of B. dothidea, along with the morphological changes including hyphal swelling and ultrastructural changes on solid PDA medium. In liquid PD broth medium, the chitosan showed more significant effect on the growth of B. dothidea also forming cell clusters indicating affection on the hyphal extension. The growth of B. dothidea was inhibited more than 90% at the concentration of 1.0 mg/ml. Chitosan also detained the spore germination and induced the morphological change of germ tubes. Glucosamine, monomer of chitosan, did not affect on the growth of B. dothidea indicating the antifungal activity was caused by chitosan polymer.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 1997

Plant growth-promoting Psudomonas fluorescens GL20 was isolated from a ginseng rhizosphere on chrome azurol Sagar. P. fluorescens GL20 produced a large amount of hydoxamate siderophore in an iron-deficient medium. The siderophore showed significantly high specific activity of 20.2 unit. Using an in vitro antifungal test, P. fluorescens GL20 considerably suppressed growth of phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium solani, inhibiting spore germination and germ tube elongation. In pot trials of kidney beans with P. fluorescens GL20, disease incidence was remarkably reduced up to $68{\%}$ compared with that of F. solani alone, and plant growth was also increased nearly 1.6 fold as compared to that of the untreated control, promoting elongation and development of the roots. These results indicate that the plant growth-promoting activity of P. fluorescens GL20 can play an important role in biological control of soil-borne plant disease in a rhizosphere, enhancing the growth of plants.